An assessment of the European regulation on battery recycling for electric vehicles

Hoarau, Quentin; Lorang, Etienne

doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112770

Cited by 25 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…This ensures free-of-charge taking back of industrial and automotive batteries by the extended producer responsibility (EPR) scheme, which is part of Directive 2008/98/EC [ 118 , 119 ]. In 2020, the European Commission proposed a new regulation of batteries that would replace Directive 2006/66/EC in order to ensure that batteries placed in the EU market are sustainable and safe throughout their entire life cycle [ 120 ]. The EU reported that LIBs placed on the European market totaled 74,906 t in 2019, of which portable batteries of 49% and industrial batteries 51% were classified by the category set out in the Directive [ 121 ].…”

Section: Current Ev Lib Management In the Worldmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Future Perspective on Waste Management of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles in Lao PDR: Current Status and Challenges

Noudeng

Quan

Xuan

2022

IJERPH

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become a hot topic worldwide because they are not only the best alternative for energy storage systems but also have the potential for developing electric vehicles (EVs) that support greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction and pollution prevention in the transport sector. However, the recent increase in EVs has brought about a rise in demand for LIBs, resulting in a substantial number of used LIBs. The end-of-life (EoL) of batteries is related to issues including, for example, direct disposal of toxic pollutants into the air, water, and soil, which threatens organisms in nature and human health. Currently, there is various research on spent LIB recycling and disposal, but there are no international or united standards for LIB waste management. Most countries have used a single or combination methodology of practices; for instance, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, direct recycling, full or partial combined recycling, and lastly, landfilling for unnecessary waste. However, EoL LIB recycling is not always easy for developing countries due to multiple limitations, which have been problems and challenges from the beginning and may reach into the future. Laos is one such country that might face those challenges and issues in the future due to the increasing trend of EVs. Therefore, this paper intends to provide a future perspective on EoL LIB management from EVs in Laos PDR, and to point out the best approaches for management mechanisms and sustainability without affecting the environment and human health. Significantly, this review compares the current EV LIB management between Laos, neighboring countries, and some developed countries, thereby suggesting appropriate solutions for the future sustainability of spent LIB management in the nation. The Laos government and domestic stakeholders should focus urgently on specific policies and regulations by including the extended producer responsibility (EPR) scheme in enforcement.

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Section: Current Ev Lib Management In the Worldmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Future Perspective on Waste Management of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles in Lao PDR: Current Status and Challenges

Noudeng

Quan

Xuan

2022

IJERPH

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“…Such increases in demand would lead to a high volume of LIBs, which had ended their lifespan for EV use, with predictions of 1 million spent packs in 2030, rising to 1.9 million 10 years later. Cumulatively, this translates into up to 21 million LIB packs reaching their end‐of‐life phase in the period 2015–2040 2 . While EV LIBs have a predicted minimum lifespan of between 8 and 10 years, it is essential to plan for end‐of‐life uses as soon as possible, so that the necessary infrastructure can be prepared to deal with the higher‐volume recycling activities, which will be needed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Central to this vision is the need to establish financial and technological flows through which this resource can be refurbished, reused and recycled. Practices already introduced for dealing with used batteries include a complex process to recycle the valuable materials in batteries through extraction, around which an industry is emerging 2 . In recent years, there has been growing attention paid to developing uses for used cell, module and pack batteries that are suitable for further uses: the growth of such approaches should eventually decrease energy storage costs and promote more extensive use of renewables within power grids 3 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cumulatively, this translates into up to 21 million LIB packs reaching their end-of-life phase in the period 2015-2040. 2 While EV LIBs have a predicted minimum lifespan of between 8 and 10 years, it is essential to plan for end-of-life uses as soon as possible, so that the necessary infrastructure can be prepared to deal with the highervolume recycling activities, which will be needed. There are a number of factors that make it essential to recycle these LIB packs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Practices already introduced for dealing with used batteries include a complex process to recycle the valuable materials in batteries through extraction, around which an industry is emerging. 2 In recent years, there has been growing attention paid to developing uses for used cell, module and pack batteries that are suitable for further uses: the growth of such approaches should eventually decrease energy storage costs and promote more extensive use of renewables within power grids. 3 At present, the most frequently used battery type for the electric vehicle market is the lithium-ion battery (LIB).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Investigating the possibility of using second‐life batteries for grid applications

et al. 2022

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This paper investigates the potential for use of batteries from retired plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) in specific grid applications. In this study, project, a reference capacity test was performed to check the state of health, state of charge (SOC) and battery durability of a PHEV battery, and the pack was then tested under duty cycles for different grid applications to determine whether it would satisfy such applications in technical terms. The duty cycles considered are peak shaving, frequency regulation, photovoltaic (PV) smoothing and renewable energy firming. The data show that the battery can satisfactorily fulfil the requirements of peak shaving applications in terms of stability and battery retention capacity, and that the requirements of the frequency regulation service are also partially met. The untracked time for the battery signal was 4% (slightly exceeding the condition set for passing the tracking test, which is 2%). The SOC and temperature were within permitted limits. The battery, however, did not achieve good performance for PV smoothing or renewable energy (RE) firming. The untracked times were 14% and 11% for PV smoothing and RE firming, respectively (greatly exceeding the 2% condition for passing the tracking test). The SOC and temperature for the PV smoothing were within acceptable limits. The pack failed to complete the RE firming cycle as the SOC reached maximum safety limits after 6 h and 23 min, whereas the duty cycle is 10 h long.

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Trust Improvement Consensus Model Considering Unreliability Degree of Opinions with Hesitant Fuzzy Sets

Tang,

Hao,

Cheng

et al. 2024

Int J Comput Intell Syst

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Trust is a crucial element in the consensus decision-making process, as it significantly impacts a group’s capacity to achieve consensus. Nevertheless, low trust by experts may result in detrimental decision-making behaviors that decrease group consensus degree. Meanwhile, it is important to note that experts’ opinions are not always reliable, and ignoring the unreliability degree of opinions may have an impact on the result of consensus decision-making. To deal with these issues, this paper proposes a trust improvement consensus model considering unreliability degree of opinions. First, considering that the discreteness of membership degree has a much smaller impact on the hesitancy degree in hesitant fuzzy elements than the number of membership degrees in extant research, an improved approach is suggested to quantify the unreliability degree of opinions. Second, a trust improvement method is proposed based on the score function for trust propagation path and the trust propagation operator considering unreliability degree of opinions. Third, a method for adjusting the opinions of experts is suggested, considering unreliability degree of opinions. Finally, the feasibility, effectiveness, and advantages of the proposed trust improvement consensus model are verified through a case study on the selection of cascade utilization alternatives for power lithium-ion batteries, as well as simulation and comparative analysis. The results show that: (1) The improved method exhibits a significant impact of the discreteness of membership degree on the hesitancy degree; (2) Trust improvement can facilitate group consensus, and the score function of trust propagation path can enhance trust degree among experts more effectively; (3) The unreliability degree of opinions not only affects the degree of trust improvement but also affects the ranking of alternatives. By taking into account the unreliability degree of opinions throughout the process of adjusting opinions, it is possible to promote group consensus and decrease the unreliability degree of opinions.

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An assessment of the European regulation on battery recycling for electric vehicles

Cited by 25 publications

References 19 publications

A Future Perspective on Waste Management of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles in Lao PDR: Current Status and Challenges

A Future Perspective on Waste Management of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles in Lao PDR: Current Status and Challenges

Investigating the possibility of using second‐life batteries for grid applications

Trust Improvement Consensus Model Considering Unreliability Degree of Opinions with Hesitant Fuzzy Sets

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