An assessment of the potency related to Cannabis-based products in the South African market

Viviers, Hendrik Jacobus; Petzer, Anél; Gordon, Richard K.

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110754

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…, CBG (8), CBGA (9), CBN (10), Δ 8 -THC (13), Δ 9 -THC ( 14), Δ 9 -THCA (15), THCV (16), and THCVA (17), could be detected in the investigated products (Table 2), whereas the other study 98 detected only CBD (5) and Δ 9 -THC (14). In recent years, there has been a steady increase in the availability of formulations with high concentration of Δ 8 -THC (13), which is only about 33% as active as Δ 9 -THC (14).…”

Section: Hplc and Uplc (Or Uhplc) Analysis Of Cannabis Consumer Productsmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Since the publication of the review article 2 on the application of HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) methods in the analysis of phytocannabinoids covering the period of 2010–2019, several publications have appeared in the literature on this topic 12–185 . All these publications highlight the importance of HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) techniques as well as showcase remarkable advancements in sensitivity and versatility associated with these techniques in relation to phytocannabinoid analysis 12 .…”

Section: Hplc and Uplc (Or Uhplc) Analysis Of Phytocannabinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Progress in the analysis of phytocannabinoids by HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) during 2020–2023

Nahar,

Chaiwut,

Sangthong

et al. 2024

Phytochemical Analysis

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IntroductionOrganic molecules that bind to cannabinoid receptors are known as cannabinoids. These molecules possess pharmacological properties similar to those produced by Cannabis sativa L. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC, also known as ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography, UHPLC) have become the most widely used analytical tools for detection and quantification of phytocannabinoids in various matrices. HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) are usually coupled to an ultraviolet (UV), photodiode array (PDA), or mass spectrometric (MS) detector.ObjectiveTo critically appraise the literature on the application of HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids published from January 2020 to December 2023.MethodologyAn extensive literature search was conducted using Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar and published materials including relevant books. In various combinations, using cannabinoid in all combinations, cannabis, hemp, hashish, C. sativa, marijuana, analysis, HPLC, UHPLC, UPLC, and quantitative, qualitative, and quality control were used as the keywords for the literature search.ResultsSeveral HPLC‐ and UPLC (or UHPLC)‐based methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids were reported. While simple HPLC‐UV or HPLC‐PDA‐based methods were common, the use of HPLC‐MS, HPLC‐MS/MS, UPLC (or UHPLC)‐PDA, UPLC (or UHPLC)‐MS, and UPLC (or UHPLC)‐MS/MS was also reported. Applications of mathematical and computational models for optimization of protocols were noted. Pre‐analyses included various environmentally friendly extraction protocols.ConclusionDuring the last 4 years, HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) remained the main analytical tools for phytocannabinoid analysis in different matrices.

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Section: Hplc and Uplc (Or Uhplc) Analysis Of Cannabis Consumer Productsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Hplc and Uplc (Or Uhplc) Analysis Of Phytocannabinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in the analysis of phytocannabinoids by HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) during 2020–2023

Nahar,

Chaiwut,

Sangthong

et al. 2024

Phytochemical Analysis

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“…Viviers et al 62 evaluated 840 samples of consumer products including the categories of edibles, extract, infusion, liquid, plant material, and solid by GC-MS analyses. The results revealed the presence of high amounts of THC (10) in most of the cannabis-based consumer products in South Africa, which is a public health concern.…”

Section: Gc Analysis Of Cannabinoids In Consumer Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GC‐based analyses of cannabinoids in various consumer products, 61–103 published during 2020–2023, are summarised in Table 1. Phytocannabinoids, particularly CBD ( 3 ), have been claimed to offer some benefits to the human skin, and this beneficial property has recently generated a trend in the use of phytocannabinoids in various cosmetics and cosmeceutical products 70 .…”

Section: Gc Analysis Of Phytocannabinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of gas chromatography in the analysis of phytocannabinoids: An update (2020–2023)

Nahar,

Gavril,

Sarker

2023

Phytochemical Analysis

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IntroductionCannabinoids are a group of compounds that bind to cannabinoid receptors. They possess pharmacological properties like that of the plant Cannabis sativa. Gas chromatography (GC) is one of the popular chromatographic techniques that has been routinely used in the analysis of cannabinoids in different matrices.ObjectiveThe article aims to review the literature on the application of GC‐based analytical methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids published during the period from January 2020 to August 2023.MethodologyA thorough literature search was conducted using different databases, like Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Google Scholar, and other relevant published materials including published books. The keywords used, in various combinations, with cannabinoids being present in all combinations, in the search were cannabinoids, Cannabis sativa, marijuana, analysis, GC, quantitative, qualitative, and quality control. From the search results, only the publications that incorporate the GC analysis of phytocannabinoids were reviewed, and papers on synthetic cannabinoids were excluded.ResultsSince the publication of the review article on GC analysis of phytocannabinoids in early 2020, several GC‐based methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids have appeared in the literature. While simple 1D GC–mass spectrometry (MS) and GC–flame ionisation detector (FID) methods are still quite common in phytocannabinoids analysis, 2D GC‐MS and GC‐MS/MS are increasingly becoming popular, as these techniques offer more useful data for identification and quantification of phytocannabinoids in various matrices. The use of automation in sample preparation and the utilisation of mathematical and computational models for optimisation of different protocols have become a norm in phytocannabinoids analysis. Pre‐analyses have been found to incorporate different derivatisation techniques and environmentally friendly extraction protocols.ConclusionsGC‐based analysis of phytocannabinoids, especially using GC‐MS, remains one of the most preferred methods for the analysis of these compounds. New derivatisation methods, ionisation techniques, mathematical models, and computational approaches for method optimisation have been introduced.

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“…It is imperative to subject herbal preparations, medicines, and recreational products to quality control. For the pharmaceutical industry as well as cannabis in general there are an abundance of control measures in place to ensure their safety and efficacy (WHO, 2007 ; Viviers et al, 2021 ). A range of organic solvents are used for manufacturing herbal medicines and can be detected as residues of such processing in the final products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An assessment of solvent residue contaminants related to cannabis-based products in the South African market

Viviers¹,

Petzer

Gordon

2022

J Cannabis Res

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Organic solvents are used for manufacturing herbal medicines and can be detected as residues of such processing in the final products. It is important for the safety of consumers to control these solvent residues. South African cannabis-based product samples were analysed for solvent residue contaminants as classified by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), chapter 467. The origin of these samples ranged anywhere from crude extract, product development samples, and market ready final products. Samples were submitted to a contract laboratory over a period of 2 years from 2019 to 2021. To date, no data of this kind exist in South Africa specifically relating to cannabis-based medicinal, recreational, or complementary products. A total of 279 samples were analysed in duplicate by full evaporation headspace gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry and the results are reported in an anonymised format. The results showed an alarming 37% sample solvent residue failure rate with respect to adherence to USP 467 specification. It is important to ensure regulation is enforced to control product quality. The South African public need to be educated about the risks associated with cannabis-based products.

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An assessment of the potency related to Cannabis-based products in the South African market

Cited by 11 publications

References 8 publications

Progress in the analysis of phytocannabinoids by HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) during 2020–2023

Progress in the analysis of phytocannabinoids by HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) during 2020–2023

Application of gas chromatography in the analysis of phytocannabinoids: An update (2020–2023)

An assessment of solvent residue contaminants related to cannabis-based products in the South African market

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