An Assessment of the Tea Bag Index Method as a Proxy for Organic Matter Decomposition in Intertidal Environments

Lee

2020

Polymers

In this work, we used pyrolysis to treat teabag waste (TBW). Changes in the pyrolysis temperature affected the composition and yield of the products. For example, more non-condensable gases and less char were produced with an increase in the pyrolysis temperature. Pyrolysis conducted under a nitrogen environment yielded caprolactam at temperatures between 400 and 700 °C. An increase in the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 500 °C increased the caprolactam yield from 3.1 to 6.2 wt.%. At 700 °C, the yield decreased to 4.6 wt.%. The highest caprolactam yield (i.e., 6.2 wt.% at 500 °C) was equivalent to 59.2 wt.% on the basis of the weight of the non-biomass part of the TBW. The pyrolytic products other than caprolactam (e.g., combustible gases, pyrolytic liquid, and char) can function as fuels to supply energy during pyrolysis in order to increase and maintain the temperature. The higher heating values (HHVs) of the combustible gases and pyrolytic liquid produced at 500 °C were 7.7 and 8.3 MJ kg−1, respectively. The HHV of the char produced at 500 °C was 23 MJ kg−1, which is comparable to the HHV of coal. This work will help to develop effective pyrolysis processes to valorize everyday waste by recovering value-added chemicals such as polymer monomers and by producing alternative fuels.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyrolysis for Nylon 6 Monomer Recovery from Teabag Waste

Lee

2020

Polymers

“…It is important to note that there are challenges and potential problems in adopting AT&A. First, data obtained from low-cost and low-technology instrument may have high uncertainties compared to advanced high quality instrument (Arzoumanian et al, 2019;Marley et al, 2019;Castell et al, 2017). Second, research adopting a participatory approach can have a bias in the data collection process, due to participants' lack of understanding about the task or their own self-interest (Tiago et al, 2017;Kallimanis et al, 2017).…”

Section: Low-cost Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviews and syntheses: Enhancing research and monitoring of land-to-atmosphere greenhouse gases exchange in developing countries

Bond‐Lamberty

Ryu

et al. 2021

Preprint

Abstract. Greenhouse gas (GHG) research has traditionally required data collection and analysis using advanced and often expensive instruments, complex and proprietary software, and skilled technicians. Partly as a result, relatively little GHG research has been conducted in resource-constrained developing countries and a critical data gap exists in these regions. At the same time, these are the same countries and regions in which climate-change impacts will likely be strongest, and in which major science uncertainties are centered, given the importance of dryland and tropical systems to the global carbon cycle and climate. Increasingly, scientific communities have adopted appropriate technology and approach (AT&A) for GHG research, including low-cost and low-technology instruments, open source software and data, and participatory and networking-based research approaches. Adopting AT&A can mean acquiring data with fewer technical constraints and lower economic burden, and is thus a strategy for enhancing GHG research in developing countries. However, AT&A can be characterized by higher uncertainties; these can often be mitigated by carefully designing experimental set-up, providing clear protocols for data collection, and monitoring and validating the quality of obtained data. For implementing this approach in GHG research of developing countries, first, it is necessary to recognize the scientific and moral importance of AT&A. At the same time, new AT&A techniques should be identified and further developed. Finally, these processes should be promoted through training local staff and encouraged for wide use and further innovation in developing countries.

“…For example, commercially available tea bags were adopted to quantify organic matter decomposition rate in various ecosystems and land-use types; they 205 tend to be highly standardized, universally available, and cheap, and thus well-suited for global analyses of this type. Bags were buried in soils for a certain period and then decomposition quantified by the loss of weight over time (Marley et al, 2019;Djukic et al, 2018;Keuskamp et al, 2013).…”

Section: Biomass and Soil Carbon Pool And Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is important to note that there are challenges and potential problems in adopting AT&A. First, data obtained from low-cost and low-technology instrument have generally higher uncertainties compared to advanced high quality instrument 295 (Peltier, 2021;Arzoumanian et al, 2019;Marley et al, 2019;Castell et al, 2017). Second, research adopting a participatory approach can have a bias in the data collection process, due to participants' lack of understanding about the task or their own self-interest (Tiago et al, 2017;Kallimanis et al, 2017).…”

Section: Figure 4: Major Components Of Appropriate Technology and Approach (Atanda) And Its Benefits For Enhancing Carbon And Greenhouse mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4). As already said, low-cost technology can see the issue of low accuracy and precision (Arzoumanian et al, 2019;Marley et al, 2019) and it can be partially solved by increasing sampling replication and frequency combining them with participatory and networking based research approaches (Peltier, 2021;Riddick al., 2020;Nickless et al, 2020;Morawska et al, 2018). Beside these technical aspects, through the integration, local actors take on expanded roles within the 350 projects (e.g.…”

Section: Figure 4: Major Components Of Appropriate Technology and Approach (Atanda) And Its Benefits For Enhancing Carbon And Greenhouse mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Ideas and Perspectives: Enhancing research and monitoring of carbon pools and land-to-atmosphere greenhouse gases exchange in developing countries

Bond‐Lamberty

Ryu

et al. 2021

Preprint

Abstract. Carbon (C) and greenhouse gas (GHG) research has traditionally required data collection and analysis using advanced and often expensive instruments, complex and proprietary software, and skilled technicians. Partly as a result, relatively little C and GHG research has been conducted in resource-constrained developing countries. At the same time, these are the same countries and regions in which climate-change impacts will likely be strongest, and in which major science uncertainties are centred, given the importance of dryland and tropical systems to the global C cycle. Increasingly, scientific communities have adopted appropriate technology and approach (AT&A) for C and GHG research, which focuses on low-cost and low-technology instruments, open source software and data, and participatory and networking-based research approaches. Adopting AT&A can mean acquiring data with fewer technical constraints and lower economic burden and is thus a strategy for enhancing C and GHG research in developing countries. However, AT&A can be characterized by higher uncertainties; these can often be mitigated by carefully designing experiments, providing clear protocols for data collection, and monitoring and validating the quality of obtained data. For implementing this approach in developing countries, it is first necessary to recognize the scientific and moral importance of AT&A. At the same time, new AT&A techniques should be identified and further developed. All these processes should be promoted in collaboration with local researchers and through training local staff and encouraged for wide use and further innovation in developing countries.