In the chemical synthesis of oligosaccharides, the overall procedure can be divided into five steps: 1) design and preparation of the building blocks (glycosyl donors and acceptors) 2) manipulation of the protecting groups to free the desired hydroxyl group; 3) separation of products after each step; 4) stereo-controlled glycosylation; and 5 ) deprotection and product purification. with selected protecting groups;Of those steps, 1-3 are the most time-consuming. Considerable efforts have thus been made to facilitate the synthetic process. For example, many methods have been developed to reduce the number of steps in the synthesis of building blocks. Recently developed orthogonal protection-deprotection strategies [ 1, 21 provide the efficiency and flexibility for the preparation of highly diversified carbohydrate libraries [ 1, 31. To minimize protecting group manipulation, the armed-disarmed strategy [4], the orthogonal glycosylation strategy [ 5 ] , and the one-pot multiglycosylation strategy [6-81 have been developed. In terms of simplifying the purification procedure, solid-phase synthesis [ 91 and one-pot solution-phase synthesis [7d, 81 have shown great promise.Glycosylation is the central reaction of carbohydrate chemistry. Because low yield, low regioselectivity, and low stereoselectivity are frequently encountered, it is this step which requires special attention. Though chemists might be able to synthesize any oligosaccharide [lo], there is no universally employed glycosylation [ lOc, 111. Therefore, development of new and efficient methods of glycosylation is still quite challeng,ing.Carbohydrates in Chemistry and Biology