An automatic red-female association tested by the Stroop task

Chen, Na; Nakamura, Koyo; Watanabe, Katsumi

doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103982

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Consequently, the activation of the red-female association, combined with the impact of expectations and memories, could have influenced the processing of visual cues and led to a bias toward perceiving the bodies as feminine. These findings align with previous research demonstrating the influence of red-female associations on perceptions and categorizations ( Cunningham and Macrae, 2011 ; Chen et al, 2023a , b ). For instance, Cunningham and Macrae (2011) showed that a pink t -shirt increased perception of femininity, while a blue t -shirt increased perception of masculinity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…This color-gender association plays a significant role in shaping people’s gender-related cognition and behavior. In a recent study by Chen et al (2023b) , the red-female association could be automatically activated and influenced both conceptual gender categorization and perceptual font color discrimination through Stroop-word categorization tasks. It is possible that when the color red was applied to human bodies, it may evoke the learned red-female associations based on the mere exposure to co-occurrences of red clothing and female body perception.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…For instance, female toilet icons are typically colored in red or pink, while male toilet icons are colored in blue, green, or black. Previous studies have shown that Japanese people associate reddish colors with females and bluish/black colors with males ( Kitagami et al, 2009 , 2010 ; Ishii et al, 2019 ; Mochizuki and Ota, 2022 ; Chen et al, 2023a , b ). It is common for reddish colors to be widely used in clothing, cosmetics, and activities for females, while blue/green colors are more frequently used in male clothing and behaviors/interests in modern daily life.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Red biases sex categorization of human bodies

Chen,

Nakamura,

Watanabe

2023

Front. Psychol.

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Color is associated with gender information (e.g., red-female). However, little has been known on the effect of color on sex recognition of human bodies. This study aimed to investigate whether the color red could influence the categorization of human bodies by sex, and the effect of contextual information. Visual stimuli were created using body silhouettes varying along the waist-to-hip ratio from female to male shapes. These stimuli were presented in conjunction with red, green, and gray colors, which were used either as body color (Experiment 1) or background color (Experiment 2). Participants were instructed to categorize the sex of the body stimuli as either male or female by pressing labeled keys. The results showed that when red was used as a body color, it induced a bias toward feminine body perception, while when used as a background color, it induced a bias toward masculine body perception. Thus, the color red influenced the sex categorization of human bodies, which being modulated by contextual information. These findings provided novel insights into the effect of contextual color cues in sex recognition of human bodies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Red biases sex categorization of human bodies

Chen,

Nakamura,

Watanabe

2023

Front. Psychol.

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“…This interference effect, known as the Stroop cost, is consistently observed and demonstrates the robustness of the task. Thus, the Stroop word categorization task can be a useful tool to test the automaticity and strength of color-taste correspondence, and it has been used in several previous studies investigating the implicit associations ( Xiao et al, 2014 ; Chen et al, 2023 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Color-taste correspondence tested by the Stroop task

Yang,

Chen,

Kobayashi

et al. 2024

Front. Psychol.

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People consistently associate colors with tastes (e.g., pink-sweet, yellow-sour). However, little has been known on the strength of those color-taste correspondences. The current study examined the congruency effect of color-taste correspondence using two Stroop word categorization tasks. The visual stimuli consisted of food names associated with sweet and sour tastes, presented in different shades of pink and yellow font colors. Participants were instructed to categorize the taste (sweet or sour) of the words in the Stroop word-taste categorization task and to discriminate the font color (pink or yellow) of the words in the Stroop word-color discrimination task. Results showed that participants responded faster in congruent conditions (sweet-pink and sour-yellow) than incongruent conditions (sweet-yellow and sour-pink) in both tasks. Specifically, yellow font colors facilitated the categorization of sour taste words compared to pink font colors, whereas sweet taste words facilitated the discrimination of pink font colors compared to sour taste words. These results provide further evidence for the congruency effect of color-taste correspondence in facilitating the processing of taste-related words and colors. Furthermore, the congruency effect was shown to operate bidirectionally, influencing both the conceptual meaning of tastes and perceptual color perception. This study highlights the significant interference effect of color-taste correspondence on cognitive processing as assessed by the Stroop task.

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Crossmodal Correspondence

2024

Frontiers Research Topics

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An automatic red-female association tested by the Stroop task

Cited by 3 publications

References 49 publications

Red biases sex categorization of human bodies

Red biases sex categorization of human bodies

Color-taste correspondence tested by the Stroop task

Crossmodal Correspondence

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