An Azimuth-Pattern-Reconfigurable Antenna With Enhanced Gain and Front-to-Back Ratio

Design of a 16‐beam pattern‐reconfigurable antenna for vehicular environment

“…It is found that the highest efficiency of an antenna is 83%, and 81% for the range of 2.4‐2.66 and 3.31‐3.57 GHz, respectively. Larger bandwidth coverage of 270 and 360 MHz at 2.4‐ and 3.5‐GHz band, respectively, when compared to a narrow operating bandwidth of fewer than 200 MHz was reported in References , , , and The efficiency reported in this research work is 83% which is higher than the efficiency reported in References , , , , and . A total of 16 different beams are produced by the proposed antenna with reduced complexity; however, the research work reported in References and gives a maximum of eight beams with increased numbers of active elements and patches. The maximum gain achieved by this antenna is 10.7 and 9.8 dBi at 2.4‐ and 3.5‐GHz band, respectively; however, the maximum gain reported in References , , , , and are less than 9 dBi. The design of antennas integrating multiple features, such as high gain, multiband, wide bandwidth, directive radiation, multiple radiation patterns for omnicoverage, low cost, and less complex structure, is of increasing demand for vehicular communication. This antenna satisfies all these requirements by using low‐cost FR4 dielectric material as substrate for reducing manufacturing cost, the multiple radiation patterns are realized from simple multiport excitation technique, high gain is attained by etching dual SR slots at the ground plane with the addition of reflector and hence this antenna is useful for high throughput satellite as well as base station‐enabled data services. …”

“…However, the antenna has narrow bandwidth of operation suitable for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The researchers in Reference report an antenna with Vivaldi‐shaped slots at the ground plane and windmill‐shaped feeding network. The antenna offers four different radiation patterns by altering the switch state of the PIN diodes that are integrated into the feeding network.…”

A Horizontal Azimuth Pattern-Reconfigurable Antenna Using Omnidirectional Microstrip Arrays for WLAN Application

“…The constant omnidirectional pattern at all working time leads to a waste of radiation power. Many reconfigurable antenna solutions have been studied [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Literature [9] proposed the H-shaped resonator structure controlled by the p-i-n diodes to reconfigure the pattern of the driven element.…”

A novel wideband pattern reconfigurable antenna using switchable parasitic stubs

“…The reconfiguration mechanism can be realized by using double‐pole double‐through (DPDT) switch or varactor diode or RF switch or pin diode or GaAs FET switch, microelectromechanical switches (MEMs) or artificial transmission lines . A great deal of research has been explored on the design of pattern reconfigurable antenna including tunable impedance surface, shared radiating aperture, Frequency selective surfaces, parasitic layer‐based, switchable feed networks, switching alternate reflector and radiator, liquid metal reflector stacked array and artificial structures . The study shows that the contribution of more RF components and dc lines leads to power loss, disturbs the pattern and deteriorates efficiency.…”

“…13 A great deal of research has been explored on the design of pattern reconfigurable antenna including tunable impedance surface, 14 shared radiating aperture, 6 Frequency selective surfaces, 8,15,16 parasitic layer-based 17 , switchable feed networks, 18 switching alternate reflector and radiator, 19 liquid metal reflector 20 stacked array 21 and artificial structures. 22 The study shows that the contribution of more RF components and dc lines leads to power loss, disturbs the pattern and deteriorates efficiency. Ferrite beads are used with dc lines to hide the dc line from RF radiation to avoid efficiency degradation.…”