A developmental cascade model of early emotional and social competence predicting later peer acceptance was examined in a community sample of 440 children across the ages of 2 to 7. Children's externalizing behavior, emotion regulation, social skills within the classroom and peer acceptance were examined utilizing a multitrait-multimethod approach. A series of longitudinal cross-lag models that controlled for shared rater variance were fit using structural equation modeling. Results indicated there was considerable stability in children's externalizing behavior problems and classroom social skills over time. Contrary to expectations, there were no reciprocal influences between externalizing behavior problems and emotion regulation, though higher levels of emotion regulation were associated with decreases in subsequent levels of externalizing behaviors. Finally, children's early social skills also predicted later peer acceptance. Results underscore the complex associations among emotional and social functioning across early childhood.Conceptual models of child development and adaptive functioning have often approached the understanding of early competency by examining within domain predictors of developmental phenomena or have focused on stability of early emerging skills (Rubin, Bukowski, & Parker 2006;Tremblay, 2003). However, the significance of cross-domain influences (Calkins & Bell, 2010) and bidirectional processes (Masten et al., 2005) has recently garnered attention, particularly within the field of developmental psychopathology, because of the promise that such approaches offer an understanding of how early developmental phenomena influence and are influenced by separate, but perhaps related, processes. This approach is particularly useful in trying to understand complex developmental phenomena, like social competence, psychological functioning, and academic achievement outcomes that are clearly the product of numerous skills and abilities that likely emerge over time and may operate bidirectionally (Burt, Obradovic, Long, & Masten, 2008; Howse, Calkins, Anastopolous, Keane, & Shelton, 2003
NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript psychopathology perspective, advocating an organizational view of development in which multiple factors, or levels of a given factor, are considered in the context of one another, rather than in isolation (Cicchetti & Dawson, 2002;Cicchetti & Rogosch, 1996;Cicchetti & Schneider-Rosen, 1986) is consistent with such "cascade" models of early development. Cascade models of early development also have the potential to meet one of the fundamental tenets of developmental psychopathology, which is to understand pathways to both typical and atypical outcomes.Early social competence and successful peer relationships have long been considered a hallmark of adaptive functioning in early childhood. For example, numerous negative outcomes have been associated with peer rejection, including early conduct problems, later adolescent disorders, school...