An Early–Middle Guadalupian (Permian) isotopic record from a mid-oceanic carbonate buildup: Akiyoshi Limestone, Japan

Sulfide Ore Smelting at the Naganobori Copper Mine Recorded on Speleothems from the Ogiri No. 4 Pit on the Akiyoshi-dai Plateau, Yamaguchi, Japan

“…22,23) The average value of the carbon isotope ratio of plants and that of carbonate (δ 13 C = +2.7 ± 1.0‰ for Akiyoshi Limestone 24) ) were recorded in the stalagmites. 14,25) Therefore, the variations in δ 13 C of the speleothems can be used to reflect changes in the nature and extent of the vegetation cover, [26][27][28][29] because the carbon of ions produced by the dissolution is supplied from CaCO3 and CO2.…”

A proveniência dos sedimentos e cinzas vulcânicas dos sedimentos permianos da bacia do Paraná : implicações para a história geológica do sul-sudoeste de Gondwana

“…For example, whereas the Permo-Triassic transition is marked by one of the largest biological extinction event of the Phanarezoic, the Middle-Late Permian G-LB, ca. 260 (Ma) is characterized by another less extensive biological extinction that was likely related to a cooling event known as Kamura (Isozaki, 2009;Isozaki et al, 2007b;Musashi et al, 2010). This cooling event was associated with extensive felsic volcanism that has the same age as the volcanic ash layers described herein.…”