An Eco-Friendly Approach to the Control of Pathogenic Microbes and Anopheles stephensi Malarial Vector Using Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles (Mg-NPs) Fabricated by Penicillium chrysogenum

Abstract

The discovery of eco-friendly, rapid, and cost-effective compounds to control diseases caused by microbes and insects are the main challenges. Herein, the magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) are successfully fabricated by harnessing the metabolites secreted by Penicillium chrysogenum. The fabricated MgO-NPs were characterized using UV-Vis, XRD, TEM, DLS, EDX, FT-IR, and XPS analyses. Data showed the successful formation of crystallographic, spherical, well-dispersed MgO-NPs with sizes of 7–40 nm at a maximum wavelength of 250 nm. The EDX analysis confirms the presence of Mg and O ions as the main components with weight percentages of 13.62% and 7.76%, respectively. The activity of MgO-NPs as an antimicrobial agent was investigated against pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, and exhibited zone of inhibitions of 12.0 ± 0.0, 12.7 ± 0.9, 23.3 ± 0.8, 17.7 ± 1.6, and 14.7 ± 0.6 mm respectively, at 200 µg mL−1. The activity is decreased by decreasing the MgO-NPs concentration. The biogenic MgO-NPs exhibit high efficacy against different larvae instar and pupa of Anopheles stephensi, with LC50 values of 12.5–15.5 ppm for I–IV larvae instar and 16.5 ppm for the pupa. Additionally, 5 mg/cm2 of MgO-NPs showed the highest protection percentages against adults of Anopheles stephensi, with values of 100% for 150 min and 67.6% ± 1.4% for 210 min.

Enhanced Antimicrobial, Cytotoxicity, Larvicidal, and Repellence Activities of Brown Algae, Cystoseira crinita-Mediated Green Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles

“…Similarly, Fouda and coauthors reported the potency of the bio-synthesized MgO-NPs against different pupal and larvae instar of Anopheles stephensi , with LC 50 values at 16.5 μg mL −1 for pupa and 12.5–15.5 μg mL −1 for I–IV larvae instar ( Fouda et al, 2021a ). Adesuji and coworkers reported the larvicidal efficiency of biosynthesized Ag-NPs against different instar larva phases of Culex quinquefasciatus (vector of lymphatic filariasis), recording the LC 50 and LC 90 values of 4.43 and 8.37 μg mL −1 , respectively ( Adesuji et al, 2016 ).…”

“…The inhibition percentages were 75.7%, 94.5%, and 96.1% for size 2145.9, 47.3, and 35.9 nm, respectively ( Huang et al, 2005 ). Moreover, spherical MgO-NPs synthesized through harnessing metabolites of Penicillium chrysogenum exhibited a size range of 7–40 nm and showed inhibition activity against pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and unicellular fungi as well against larvae and pupa of malarial vector Anopheles stephensi ( Fouda et al, 2021a ). The obtained size (3.0–18.0 nm) of MgO-NPs in the current study is expected to have high activity for various biomedical and biotechnological applications.…”

“…After the solidification, wells (0.7 mm) were made in seeded plates before being filled with 100 µL of stock MgO-NPs solution (200 μg mL −1 ). The loaded Muller Hinton plates are kept in the refrigerator for one hour before being incubated at 35.0 ± 2°C for 24 h ( Fouda et al, 2021a ). At the end of the incubation period, the results were recorded as a diameter of the zone of inhibition (mm) that appeared around each well.…”

The Potency of Fungal-Fabricated Selenium Nanoparticles to Improve the Growth Performance of Helianthus annuus L. and Control of Cutworm Agrotis ipsilon

“…The experiment was achieved in glass vials covered with wire-Gaz lids under the previous optimum conditions required for the growth of Agrotis ipsilon. The experiment was done in triplicate, and larval mortality percentages were calculated after 72 h of treatment using the following equation [88].…”

Evaluate the Toxicity of Pyrethroid Insecticide Cypermethrin before and after Biodegradation by Lysinibacillus cresolivuorans Strain HIS7

“…Furthermore, the resistance of insects and pests is increased due to the excessive usage of these chemical compounds. Therefore, the development of new compounds to modifying, destroying, and/or repellence of specific insects or pests are taking more attention from researchers [ 5 , 6 ].…”