An Eco-Friendly Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction for the Determination of Neonicotinoid Insecticide Residues in Water, Soil and Egg Yolk Samples

Abstract

A green, simple and sensitive hydrophobic DES-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for the analysis of neonicotinoid insecticide residues in various samples. A hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (DES) was synthesized using decanoic acid as a hydrogen bond donor and tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr) as a hydrogen bond-acceptor. DESs were synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Two disperser solvents were substituted with surfactants and acetonitrile, which could afford more effective emulsification and make the extraction relatively greener. The hydrophobic DES extraction phase occurred 10 min after centrifugation, being easy to be collected for analysis. Several parameters were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum condition, the calibration curve of this method was linear in the range of 0.003–1.0-µg·mL−1, with a correlation coefficient (R2) higher than 0.99 and a good repeatability, with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 5.00%. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.001–0.003 µg·mL−1; the limits of quantitation were in the range of 0.003–0.009 µg·mL·mL−1. Finally, the presented method was implemented to determine the neonicotinoid insecticide residues in water, soil, egg yolk samples and acceptable recoveries were obtained.

Recovery and Stabilization of Anthocyanins and Phenolic Antioxidants of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) with Hydrophilic Deep Eutectic Solvents

“…DESs have much lower melting points than that of either single components [ 29 , 30 ]. They are mixtures of easily to be prepared, natural, renewable, non-toxic, and cheaper components [ 25 , 31 , 32 ]. They are also characterized by thermal and chemical stability, high solubility, low volatility, biodegradability, low vapor pressure, flexibility, strong biocompatibility, and designability [ 33 , 34 ].…”

Deep Eutectic Solvents Application in Food Analysis

“…Currently, studies on the synthesis and application of HDESs for the extraction of a great variety of analytes from food matrices have expanded rapidly, which has led to an increase in the number of articles published in recent years. As can be seen in Table 2, several HDESs have been used for the extraction of both organic (phthalic acid esters [18,96,99], dyes [97,104,110,117], PAHs [17,85], sterols [98], pesticides [100,105,112,122,124,126,127], herbicides [102], insecticides [125], preservatives [101], pigments [86], antibiotics [87,103,108,114], fluorescent whitening agents [106], vitamins [107], mycotoxins [16], bisphenols [115], perfluoroalkyl substances [120] and terpenes [121]) and inorganic compounds (Co, Cd, Ni, As, V and Pb [109,111,113,116,118,119,123]) from aqueous phases (water [96,113,118,124], soft drinks…”

“…Nowadays, the above-mentioned low solubility of HDESs in aqueous samples has allowed their large application as extraction solvents in microextraction methods, complying with the principles of GAC. Among the different variants of the LPME, DLLME constitutes once more one of the preferred options for the application of HDES for the analysis of samples of diverse nature, including water [96], soft drinks [85,110], infusions [124], honey [105], dried fruits [119], flour [107], fruit juices [124] and egg yolk [125]. In this sense, it is important to highlight that in certain cases, no additional solvents have been necessary to obtain a good dispersion of the HDES into the sample [18,86,[96][97][98]110].…”

25th Anniversary of Molecules—Recent Advances in Green Chemistry

“…One work is focused on the application of biocatalysis in the production of bulk compounds and other related products [ 1 ], whereas the other analyzes the recent developments in sustainable reaction media when developing biocatalytic redox processes, using neat conditions, green solvents and deep eutectic solvents (DES) [ 2 ]. These last solvents, which are easy to prepare and if properly selected may show a high degradability and low toxicity, have been widely employed in chemistry with different purposes, as shown in extraction strategies for the determination of insecticide residues in water, soil and egg yolk samples [ 3 ], or for the recovery and stabilization of anthocyanins and phenolic oxidants of Roselle [ 4 ]. Supercritical solvents have also been employed in green chemistry, being one of the most relevant classes of green solvents, as shown with the modification of commercial cellulose acetate microfiltration membranes by supercritical solvent impregnation in the presence of thymol, with the aim of generating membranes with antibacterial properties [ 5 ].…”