An eco-sustainable, lactic acid-based phosphaphenanthren-containing flame-retardant plasticizer: Synthesis, properties, and mechanism

Hou, Boyou; Wang, Yanning; Shi, Liyi; Li, Bingjian; Huang, Liping; Li, Jinchun

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2023.143196

Cited by 29 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Although there has been great development to improve biobased FRs through chemical modification, they still face the following problems: (1) the reaction process is complicated; (2) a large number of organic solvents are used, which is not environmentally friendly. Therefore, it is still a great challenge to design a green, simple and efficient method to prepare fully biobased FRs on a large scale. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Flame Retardancy, Ultraviolet Shielding, and Preserved Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid with Fully Biobased Multifunctional Additives by a Green Method

Zhong,

Xu,

Niu

et al. 2024

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Flammability, slow nucleation rates, and poor UV-shielding limit the widespread use of the bioplastic polylactic acid (PLA). Traditional functional additives usually have the disadvantages of complicated synthesis process, environmental unfriendliness, single function, etc., and after blending with PLA, it will also lead to the degradation of mechanical properties. In this work, fully biobased multifunctional additives (PN) were prepared by a simple and green aqueous phase electrostatic self-assembly method using biobased phytic acid and nicotinamide as monomers. Incorporation of only 2 wt % PN endowed PLA with the limiting oxygen index of 29.0% and the UL-94 rating of V-0, meeting the standard for flame-retardant materials. Flame-retardant mechanisms of PLA/PN composites were mainly gas phase. In addition, the UV protection factor value of PLA was increased to 90.8, showing good UV shielding ability. It was noteworthy that the incorporation of PN increased the nucleation density of PLA, thus maintaining better mechanical properties of PLA. Therefore, this work provides a green and efficient method for the large-scale preparation of fully biobased multifunctional additives, which is expected to expand the application areas of PLA.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Flame Retardancy, Ultraviolet Shielding, and Preserved Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid with Fully Biobased Multifunctional Additives by a Green Method

Zhong,

Xu,

Niu

et al. 2024

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…In the third reaction (see Figure 2c), the occurrence of the signals at 2.65−2.81 ppm (peaks 15 and 16) and 0.85 ppm (peak 14) belonged to levulinic acid, 21 proving the successful esterification of RCL and levulinic acid. Finally, the signals at 7.12−8.17 ppm (peak 18) corresponded to the phosphaphenanthrene group that appeared on the PLRCL curve, 22 illustrating that the PLRCL was successfully synthesized.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Flame-Retardant Plasticizer Derived from Renewable Acids for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Improved Toughness and Flame Retardancy

Hou,

Shan,

Cui

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Biobased plasticizers have gained significant attention for their potential to replace conventional petrochemical-based additives in the production of flexible poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) products, offering an environmentally friendly alternative. However, the incorporation of biobased plasticizers can render PVC materials highly flammable and produce substantial smoke, posing significant safety and environmental concerns. To address these challenges, this study developed a biobased biodegradable flame-retardant plasticizer (PLRCL) synthesized from renewable acids, namely, ricinoleic acid, L-lactic acid, and levulinic acid, along with 9,10-dihydro-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). The innovation of this study lies in the successful synthesis of PLRCL and its integration into PVC films, which not only enhances the flame retardancy but also improves the toughness of the material. The PLRCL-endowed PVC films achieved a UL-94 V-0 grade and a significantly higher limited oxygen index of 37.9%, compared to the commercial plasticizer dioctyl phthalate plasticized PVC films. The pyrolysis of PLRCL was found to facilitate the formation of a complete and continuous char layer, thus improving the thermostability and fire resistance of the PVC films. This char layer acts as a protective barrier, suppressing the release of smoke and toxic gases during combustion, thereby improving the overall safety of the PVC materials. Mechanical testing revealed that the elongation at break and tensile strength of plasticized PVC films with 40 phr PLRCL reached 302.59% and 28.34 MPa, exhibiting outstanding flexibility. Meanwhile, the good volatilization and migration resistance of PLRCL endowed the long-term stability of PVC films. Besides, the loading of PLRCL could keep good optical transparency and improve the processability of the PVC products. Soil degradation experiments demonstrated that PLRCL is biotransformed by the microorganisms present in the soil into nontoxic and innocuous lipid molecules, highlighting the environmental benefits of PLRCL. In all, PLRCL is a promising green sustainable multifunctional plastic additive, offering a viable alternative to traditional petroleum-based plasticizers and providing insights into the design of sustainable flame-retardant plasticizers.

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“…For the gas phase, PHAO could decompose in advance, and nitrogen-containing group would generated a substantial quantity of non-combustible nitrogen-containing gas through pyrolysis, 44,45 thinned out the combustible gas, and weakened the combustion reaction. For the condensed phase, the presence of phosphophenanthrene groups accelerated the dehydrative carbonization of the EP matrix, 46 resulting in the formation of a stable carbon layer on the burning surface that could obstruct heat transfer and prevent the release of flammable volatile gasses.…”

Section: Flame Retardant Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of a bio‐based in‐suit reinforcing flame retardant containing DOPO group and its application in EP

Zhang,

Wang,

Chen

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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It was an enormous challenge to endow flame retardant for epoxy resin (EP) with high efficiency, high compatibility, low addition and environmental protection. Herein, a bio‐based flame retardant (PHAO) was synthesized using protocatechualdehyde, p‐aminobenzonitrile, and 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phospha‐phenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO) as precursors via a facile approach. PHAO was applied to EP to prepare EP/PHAO composites. Furthermore, PHAO demonstrated outstanding compatibility with the EP matrix, the interface free energy (IFE) value among PHAO and EP was 0.9 mJ/m2. For EP/3PHAO, the tensile strength enhanced from 55.4 MPa of pure EP to 67.4 MPa. EP/5PHAO, obtained by adding 5 wt% PHAO into EP, had a phosphorus content of only 0.34%, reaching the V‐0 level in UL‐94 test, and the limiting oxygen index was 32.5%. In comparison to pure EP, the peak heat release rate, total heat release and total smoke production of EP/5PHAO declined by 25.5%, 15.4%, and 15.3%, respectively. The flame retardancy of EP/5PHAO in gaseous and condensed phases was confirmed by investigating the residual carbon and pyrolysis behavior of EP/5PHAO. The synthesis of PHAO offered a solution for designing bio‐based flame retardant and advancing the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of EP.

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An eco-sustainable, lactic acid-based phosphaphenanthren-containing flame-retardant plasticizer: Synthesis, properties, and mechanism

Cited by 29 publications

References 66 publications

Enhanced Flame Retardancy, Ultraviolet Shielding, and Preserved Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid with Fully Biobased Multifunctional Additives by a Green Method

Enhanced Flame Retardancy, Ultraviolet Shielding, and Preserved Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid with Fully Biobased Multifunctional Additives by a Green Method

Flame-Retardant Plasticizer Derived from Renewable Acids for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Improved Toughness and Flame Retardancy

Synthesis of a bio‐based in‐suit reinforcing flame retardant containing DOPO group and its application in EP

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