An ecological method for the sampling of nonverbal signalling behaviours of young children with profound and multiple learning disabilities (PMLD)

Abstract

Background: Profound and multiple learning disabilities (PMLD) are a complex range of disabilities that affect the general health and wellbeing of the individual and their capacity to interact and learn.Method: We developed a new methodology to capture the nonsymbolic signalling behaviours of children with PMLD within the context of a face-to-face interaction with a caregiver to provide analysis at a micro-level of descriptive detail incorporating the use of the ELAN digital video software. Conclusion:The signalling behaviours of participants in a natural, everyday interaction can be better understood with the use of this innovation in methodology, which is predicated on the ecology of communication. Recognition of the developmental ability of the participants is an integral factor within that ecology. The method presented establishes an advanced account of the modalities through which a child affected by PMLD is able to communicate.3

Evaluating and Enhancing Communication Skills in Four Adolescents with Profound and Multiple Disabilities

“…Furthermore, many persons with PMD present with very little or no speech and seemingly little understanding of language. The lack of responsivity and limited speech and language skills are likely to severely limit their social interactions with others and engagement in meaningful activity (Arthur, 2004;Atkin & Lorch, 2014;Belva, Matson, Snipes, & Bamburg, 2012;Greathead et al, 2016;Kaiser & Goetz, 1993;Maes et al, 2007;Nakken & Vlaskamp, 2002;Samuel & Pritchard, 2001;Schweigert, 2012;Siegel-Causey, Ernst, & Guess, 1989).…”

“…One significant challenge for those involved in the care, education, and support of individuals with PMD is the seeming inability of the individual to communicate basic wants and needs (Atkin & Lorch, 2014;Calculator, 1988;Downing & Siegel-Causey, 1988;Greathead et al, 2016;Maes et al, 2007;Nakken & Vlaskamp, 2002). Another significant challenge arises from reduced alertness, responsiveness, and/or engagement.…”

“…With respect to the latter, it has been noted that individuals with PMD might be able to show subtle signs of alertness, responsiveness, and/or engagement. Various subtle signs indicative of alertness, responsiveness, and/or engagement have been suggested, including various body movements and facial expressions (Atkin & Lorch, 2014;Green & Reid, 1996;Munde et al, 2009).…”

“…However, these possible subtle indicators also seem to be difficult to identify and interpret due to their fleeting, idiosyncratic, and often highly ambiguous nature (Arthur, 2004;Arthur-Kelly et al, 2007;Greathead et al, 2016). Thus many potential signs of alertness, responsiveness, and/or engagement could go unnoticed or misunderstood and underinterpreted as simple orienting responses or startle reflexes that have no particular social meaning or function for the person (Arthur, 2004;Atkin & Lorch, 2014;Giacino et al, 2002).…”

“…A diagnosis of ID infers that the individual experiences a significant cognitive impairment affecting problem solving skills, reasoning, learning from both experiences and academic instruction, planning, and goal-directed behaviours (American Psychiatric Association, 2013;Atkin & Lorch, 2014;Schalock et al, 2010).…”