This chapter compares the Russian economic transition in the 1990s with the level of economic control in Britain following two world wars. It considers four economic systems in the UK, the USSR, and Russia during times of peace and war. The transition from a war economy in Britain after 1918 and Russia in the 1990s was primarily governed by liberal economic policies and a ‘big bang’ stabilization programme. Their rapid transitions were associated with disorganization in the economic system and problems in the reallocation of resources and the restructuring of industry. In contrast, the successful transitions in the British economy in the post-World War II period were based on continued government intervention and control. The British government pursued a gradualist policy in which wartime rationing and exchange controls were removed sequentially.