An experiment to match five white
solids with ascorbic acid, citric
acid, potassium hydroxide, sodium chloride, and urea is reported here.
This 4 h experiment is an integrated practice of two experimental
techniques, calorimetry and titration. Students conduct an extensive
literature search on the properties of the five compounds and plan
the experiment before the laboratory hours. Calorimetric results are
used to identify potassium hydroxide, sodium chloride, and urea out
of the five compounds. Acid–base titration is used to differentiate
between the two weak acids and confirm the identity of the only base
in this experiment. Additional calculations based on titration results
can reveal waters of crystallization in citric acid and potassium
hydroxide. The experiment helps students to understand concepts of
dissolution, stoichiometry, acid–base chemistry, and thermochemistry
in the context of common chemicals found in everyday life.