An ecotoxicological view on neurotoxicity assessment

Abstract

The numbers of potential neurotoxicants in the environment are raising and pose a great risk for humans and the environment. Currently neurotoxicity assessment is mostly performed to predict and prevent harm to human populations. Despite all the efforts invested in the last years in developing novel in vitro or in silico test systems, in vivo tests with rodents are still the only accepted test for neurotoxicity risk assessment in Europe. Despite an increasing number of reports of species showing altered behaviour, neurotoxicity assessment for species in the environment is not required and therefore mostly not performed. Considering the increasing numbers of environmental contaminants with potential neurotoxic potential, eco-neurotoxicity should be also considered in risk assessment. In order to do so novel test systems are needed that can cope with species differences within ecosystems. In the field, online-biomonitoring systems using behavioural information could be used to detect neurotoxic effects and effect-directed analyses could be applied to identify the neurotoxicants causing the effect. Additionally, toxic pressure calculations in combination with mixture modelling could use environmental chemical monitoring data to predict adverse effects and prioritize pollutants for laboratory testing. Cheminformatics based on computational toxicological data from in vitro and in vivo studies could help to identify potential neurotoxicants. An array of in vitro assays covering different modes of action could be applied to screen compounds for neurotoxicity. The selection of in vitro assays could be guided by AOPs relevant for eco-neurotoxicity. In order to be able to perform risk assessment for eco-neurotoxicity, methods need to focus on the most sensitive species in an ecosystem. A test battery using species from different trophic levels might be the best approach. To implement eco-neurotoxicity assessment into European risk assessment, cheminformatics and in vitro screening tests could be used as first approach to identify eco-neurotoxic pollutants. In a second step, a small species test battery could be applied to assess the risks of ecosystems.

Multi-Laboratory Hazard Assessment of Contaminated Microplastic Particles by Means of Enhanced Fish Embryo Test With the Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

“…An increasing number of studies uses behavioral responses to monitor sublethal effects of pollutants such as PFOS or BPA on aquatic organisms Wang J. et al, 2015), and changes in, e.g., the photomotor response are commonly interpreted as evidence of potential neurotoxicity (Le Bihanic et al, 2015;Legradi et al, 2018). Yet, our results did not show any alteration of the LPMR by any of the different MPs preparations.…”

The potential relationship between neurobehavioral toxicity and visual dysfunction of BDE-209 on zebrafish larvae: a pilot study

“…Recently, neurobehavioral test of environmental pollutants was suggested to be integrated in Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) [37]. There are at least two difficulties in the process.…”

“…One is that how to interpret subtle changes in behavior in terms of population demographics. The second is that neurobehavioral effects induced by pollutants are difficult for cross-species extrapolations [37,38]. Zebrafish larvae may become one potential model animal to come true embedding behavior into an AOP [39,40].…”

The potential relationship between neurobehavioral toxicity and visual dysfunction of BDE-209 on zebrafish larvae: A pilot study

“…One is that how to interpret subtle changes in behavior in terms of population demographics. The second is that neurobehavioral effects induced by pollutants are difficult for cross-species extrapolations [37,38].…”