The placement of acid over the entire wellbore interval can be the key to successful stimulation treatments in wells with long (often horizontal) completion intervals. This paper discusses computer simulations performed to determine how fluids are distributed in the wellbore during bullheaded and circulated acidizing treatments. One of the novel aspects of these stimulations is the inclusion of wellbore effects arising from the transient flow of acid and diverter along the wellbore. The results give an insight into a possible cause of some of the poor stimulation performances observed in the field when typical volumes of low-viscosity acids were injected without diversion or selective-placement techniques. Such situations can result in the acid coming into contact with only a small fraction of the treatment interval. The simulations also show how viscosifying the acid could have improved the stimulation performance.
This paper outlines the basic concepts of the simulations and some of the general trends observed from the results. In particular, the inclusion of transient wellbore flow calls for the modification of recently published guidelines for various diversion techniques.
Introduction
Horizontal wells are widely recognized to have advantages over vertical wells. They are popularly used, for example, to exploit thin oil-rim reservoirs, to avoid such drawdown-related problems as water/gas coning and sand production, and to extend wells by means of multiple drainholes. Yet their potential productivity improvement factors often fail to materialize in practice as a result of the skin (permeability-impairing near-wellbore damage) caused by drilling and completing the wells. Recent investigations have shown that skin can be as detrimental to the performance of horizontal wells as it is to that of vertical wells1–3. In fact, horizontal wells often experience higher skin values than conventional wells, as a result of the slotted liners or barefoot completions that are employed in such wells. Unlike the earlier industry standard of cased and cemented completions, these horizontal-well completions lack perforations. Field and laboratory experience has shown perforations to be an effective means of bypassing the impaired zone.
For that reason the avoidance of near-wellbore permeability impairment, e.g., through the use of new drilling fluids and under-balanced drilling and completion, has been emphasized in the drilling of openhole horizontal wells4–6. A significant research effort over the last few years has also involved the experimental determination of the best clean-up procedures to follow prior to production7,8. This interest in wellbore cleaning has led to a resurgence of matrix acidizing, which over the years has proven to be a cost-effective method of removing impairment in the near-wellbore area of vertical wells. The stimulation of horizontal wells by means of matrix acidizing, however, has often met with limited success.