An Effector, BxSapB1, Induces Cell Death and Contributes to Virulence in the Pine Wood Nematode <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i>

Hu, Longjiao; Wu, Xiao‐Qin; Li, Haiyang; Zhao, Qun; Wang, Yuanchao; Ye, Jian‐Ren

doi:10.1094/mpmi-10-18-0275-r

Cited by 35 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…In our previous study, another saposin‐like protein, BxSapB1 was identified and characterized and was also proven to induce cell death in N. benthamiana (Hu et al., 2019). A comparison between the two proteins was conducted in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to differences in sequence lengths, the placement of the SapB domain and promoter motifs, there were two further major differences. First, BxSapB2 was upregulated in the transcriptome of B. xylophilus (2.5 hr post‐infection) but was not upregulated in the transcriptome of B. xylophilus (6, 12 and 24 hr post‐inoculation) (Hu et al., 2019; Tsai et al., 2016). BxSapB1 was upregulated in the two above transcriptomes of B. xylophilus .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alignment of the amino acid and nucleotide sequences of BxSapB2 and BxSapB1 was performed using BioEdit with ClustalW multiple alignment (Li, Wang, et al, 2018). Further, BxSapB2 was found in the upregulated gene list from the B. xylophilus transcriptome in the early stages of infection (Hu et al., 2019). In addition, the 1,000 bp upstream of the predicted coding region of BxSapB2 was examined to determine the promoter motif.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, Hu et al. (2019) identified and characterized a novel effector, BxSapB1, from B. xylophilus . One issue urgently requiring investigation is whether B. xylophilus secretes effectors other than those already known.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A key effector, BxSapB2, plays a role in the pathogenicity of the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Zhao

et al. 2020

Forest Pathology

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The pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causes huge economic losses in pine forests. The plant‐parasitic nematodes have a complex life cycle that includes the secretion of effector proteins through a stylet into the host cell to promote parasitism. In this study, SignalP 4.1 and TMHMM 2.0 were used in preliminary screens for candidate effectors and were expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana through the PVX virus expression vector. The yeast signal sequence trap system was used to further study the function of the signal peptide of an effector, BxSapB2. In situ hybridization was conducted to investigate the localization of BxSapB2, followed by RNA interference technology (RNAi) to assess the functions of BxSapB2. The results demonstrate that BxSapB2 is a secreted protein that induces cell death in N. benthamiana and is highly expressed in esophageal gland cells and amphids of B. xylophilus. BxSapB2 was determined to be related to the pathogenicity of B. xylophilus. The results of this work indicate that BxSapB2 plays an important role in the interactions between B. xylophilus and the hosts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A key effector, BxSapB2, plays a role in the pathogenicity of the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Zhao

et al. 2020

Forest Pathology

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“…In addition, water in which invasive stage juvenile nematodes have been incubated (NemaWater) has been shown to elicit PTI responses in host plants (Mendy et al , 2017, Wang'ombe, 2019). However, PAMPs have yet to be described from B. xylphilus , although several effectors have been characterized, including glycoside hydrolase family 45 (GH45) cellulases, pectate lyases, expansins, β‐1,3‐endoglucanases, and the novel effector BxSapB1 (Hu et al , 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

BxCDP1 from the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is recognized as a novel molecular pattern

et al. 2020

Molecular Plant Pathology

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The migratory plant-parasitic nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causal agent of pine wilt disease, which causes serious damage to pine forests in China. Plant immunity plays an important role in plant resistance to multiple pathogens. Activation of the plant immune system is generally determined by immune receptors, including plant pattern recognition receptors, which mediate pattern recognition. However, little is known about molecular pattern recognition in the interaction between pines and B. xylophilus. Based on the B. xylophilus transcriptome at the early stages of infection and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression and infiltration of recombinant proteins produced by Pichia pastoris in many plant species, a novel molecular pattern (BxCDP1) was characterized in B. xylophilus. We found that BxCDP1 was highly up-regulated at the early infection stages of B. xylophilus, and was similar to a protein in Pararhizobium haloflavum. BxCDP1 triggered cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana when secreted into the apoplast, and this effect was dependent on brassinosteroid-insensitive 1-associated kinase 1, but independent of suppressor of BIR1-1. BxCDP1 also exhibited cell death-inducing activity in pine, Arabidopsis, tomato, pepper, and lettuce. BxCDP1 triggered reactive oxygen species production and the expression of PAMP-triggered immunity marker genes (NbAcre31, NbPTI5, and NbCyp71D20) in N. benthamiana. It also induced the expression of pathogenesisrelated genes in Pinus thunbergii. These results suggest that as a new B. xylophilus molecular pattern, BxCDP1 can not only be recognized by many plant species, but also triggers innate immunity in N. benthamiana and defence responses of P. thunbergii. K E Y W O R D SBursaphelenchus xylophilus, cell death, histological responses, innate immunity, molecular pattern, pathogenesis-related genes

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A Bursaphelenchus xylophilus pathogenic protein Bx‐FAR‐1, as potential control target, mediates the jasmonic acid pathway in pines

Wen

et al. 2022

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUND The pine wilt disease (PWD) caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a devastating forest disease and its pathogenesis remains unclear. Secreted enzymes and proteins are important pathogenicity determinants and Bx‐FAR‐1 is an important pathogenic protein involved in the interaction between pine and B. xylophilus. However, the function of the Bx‐FAR‐1 protein in monitoring and prevention PWD remains unknown. RESULTS We found a small peptide of B. xylophilus effector Bx‐FAR‐1 is sufficient for immunosuppression function in Nicotiana benthamiana. Transient expression of Bx‐FAR‐1 in N. benthamiana revealed that nuclear localization is required for its function. The results of the ligand binding test showed that Bx‐FAR‐1 protein had the ability to bind fatty acid and retinol. We demonstrated that Bx‐FAR‐1 targeted to the nuclei of Pinus thunbergii using the polyclonal antibody by immunologic approach. The content of jasmonic acid (JA) was significantly increased in P. thunbergii infected with B. xylophilus when Bx‐FAR‐1 was silenced. We identified an F‐box protein as the host target of Bx‐FAR‐1 by yeast two‐hybrid and co‐immunoprecipitation. Moreover, we found that Pt‐F‐box‐1 was up‐regulated during B. xylophilus infection and the expression of Pt‐F‐box‐1 was increased in Bx‐FAR‐1 double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA)‐treated host pines. CONCLUSION This study illustrated that Bx‐FAR‐1 might mediate the JA pathway to destroy the immune system of P. thunbergii, indicating that PWN likely secretes effectors to facilitate parasitism and promote infection, which could better reveal the pathogenesis mechanisms of B. xylophilus and would be beneficial for developing disease control strategies.

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An Effector, BxSapB1, Induces Cell Death and Contributes to Virulence in the Pine Wood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Cited by 35 publications

References 79 publications

A key effector, BxSapB2, plays a role in the pathogenicity of the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

A key effector, BxSapB2, plays a role in the pathogenicity of the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

BxCDP1 from the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is recognized as a novel molecular pattern

A Bursaphelenchus xylophilus pathogenic protein Bx‐FAR‐1, as potential control target, mediates the jasmonic acid pathway in pines

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