An effector protein of the wheat stripe rust fungus targets chloroplasts and suppresses chloroplast function

Xu, Qiang; Tang, Chunlei; Wang, Xiaojie; Sun, Shutian; Zhao, Jinren; Kang, Zhensheng

doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13487-6

Cited by 181 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Our results show that SsITL interacts with CAS in chloroplasts and inhibits SA accumulation. Combined with previous research (Jelenska et al , ; Pecrix et al , ; Xu et al , ), these findings highlight the chloroplast as a high‐value target potentially attacked by various invaders. Indeed, SsITL transgenic plants are more susceptible to S. sclerotiorum .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

An effector of a necrotrophic fungal pathogen targets the calcium‐sensing receptor in chloroplasts to inhibit host resistance

Tang

Yang

et al. 2020

Molecular Plant Pathology

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SsITL, a secretory protein of the necrotrophic phytopathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, was previously reported to suppress host immunity at the early stages of infection. However, the molecular mechanism that SsITL uses to inhibit plant defence against S. sclerotiorum has not yet been elucidated. Here, we report that SsITL interacted with a chloroplast‐localized calcium‐sensing receptor, CAS, in chloroplasts. We found that CAS is a positive regulator of the salicylic acid signalling pathway in plant immunity to S. sclerotiorum and CAS‐mediated resistance against S. sclerotiorum depends on Ca2+ signalling. Furthermore, we showed that SsITL could interfere with the plant salicylic acid (SA) signalling pathway and SsITL‐expressing transgenic plants were more susceptible to S. sclerotiorum. However, truncated SsITLs (SsITL‐NT1 or SsITL‐CT1) that lost the ability to interact with CAS do not affect plant resistance to S. sclerotiorum. Taken together, our findings reveal that SsITL inhibits SA accumulation during the early stage of infection by interacting with CAS and then facilitating the infection by S. sclerotiorum.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

An effector of a necrotrophic fungal pathogen targets the calcium‐sensing receptor in chloroplasts to inhibit host resistance

Tang

Yang

et al. 2020

Molecular Plant Pathology

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“…As sensors of environmental changes, chloroplasts can shape nuclear gene expression and activate defense responses through redox flux [ 90 ]. Moreover, many pathogen-derived effectors target chloroplast-localized proteins, including components of the photosynthetic electron transport chain [ 91 ]. Therefore, changes in chloroplast ultrastructure are often used as good indicators of biotic/abiotic stress [ 92 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complexity of Brassica oleracea–Alternaria brassicicola Susceptible Interaction Reveals Downregulation of Photosynthesis at Ultrastructural, Transcriptional, and Physiological Levels

Macioszek

Gapińska

Żmieńko

et al. 2020

Cells

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Black spot disease, caused by Alternaria brassicicola in Brassica species, is one of the most devastating diseases all over the world, especially since there is no known fully resistant Brassica cultivar. In this study, the visualization of black spot disease development on Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. alba (white cabbage) leaves and subsequent ultrastructural, molecular and physiological investigations were conducted. Inter- and intracellular hyphae growth within leaf tissues led to the loss of host cell integrity and various levels of organelle disintegration. Severe symptoms of chloroplast damage included the degeneration of chloroplast envelope and grana, and the loss of electron denseness by stroma at the advanced stage of infection. Transcriptional profiling of infected leaves revealed that photosynthesis was the most negatively regulated biological process. However, in infected leaves, chlorophyll and carotenoid content did not decrease until 48 hpi, and several chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters, such as photosystem II quantum yield (Fv/Fm), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), or plant vitality parameter (Rdf) decreased significantly at 24 and 48 hpi compared to control leaves. Our results indicate that the initial stages of interaction between B. oleracea and A. brassicicola are not uniform within an inoculation site and show a complexity of host responses and fungal attempts to overcome host cell defense mechanisms. The downregulation of photosynthesis at the early stage of this susceptible interaction suggests that it may be a part of a host defense strategy, or, alternatively, that chloroplasts are targets for the unknown virulence factor(s) of A. brassicicola. However, the observed decrease of photosynthetic efficiency at the later stages of infection is a result of the fungus-induced necrotic lesion expansion.

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“…As sensors of environmental changes, chloroplasts can shape nuclear gene expression and activate defense responses through redox ux [78]. Moreover, many pathogen-derived effectors target chloroplast-localized proteins, including components of the photosynthetic electron transport chain [79]. Therefore, changes in chloroplast ultrastructure are often used as good indicators of biotic/abiotic stress [80].…”

Section: Down-regulation Of Photosynthesis Is Probably Not Only a Parmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complexity of Brassica Oleracea-Alternaria Brassicicola Susceptible Interaction Reveals Down-regulation of Photosynthesis at Ultrastructural, Transcriptional and Physiological Levels

Macioszek

Gapińska

Żmieńko

et al. 2020

Preprint

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BackgroundBlack spot disease, caused by Alternaria brassicicola in Brassica species, is one of the most devastating diseases all over the world, especially since there is no known fully resistant Brassica cultivar. In this study, the visualization of black spot disease development on B. oleracea var. capitata f. alba (white cabbage) leaves and subsequent ultrastructural, molecular and physiological investigations were conducted. ResultsFollowing germination on B. oleracea leaves, A. brassicicola invaded the host epidermal cells through appressoria, stomata or directly. The fungal attempts to penetrate epidermal cells usually evoked host cell death, and defense reactions manifested by the bright 'halo' around penetration site and host cell wall fortification were also observed. Inter- and intracellular hyphae growth within leaf tissues led to the loss of host cell integrity and various levels of organelle disintegration. Severe symptoms of chloroplast damage included the degeneration of chloroplast envelope and grana, and the loss of electron denseness by stroma at the advanced stage of infection. Transcriptional profiling of infected leaves revealed that photosynthesis was the most negatively regulated biological process. The down-regulation of 6 photosynthesis-related genes involved in light reactions and the Calvin cycle began as early as 12 hours post-inoculation (hpi) and extended to 44 genes at 48 hpi. Although in infected leaves, chlorophyll and carotenoid content did not decrease until 48 hpi, several chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters, such as photosystem II quantum yield (Fv/Fm), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) or plant vitality parameter (Rdf) decreased significantly at 24 and 48 hpi compared to control leaves. ConclusionsOur results indicate that the initial stages of interaction between B. oleracea and A. brassicicola are not uniform within an inoculation site and show a complexity of host responses and fungal attempts to overcome host cell defense mechanisms. The down-regulation of photosynthesis at the early stage of this susceptible interaction suggests that it may be a part of a host defense strategy, or alternatively, that chloroplasts are targets for the unknown virulence factor(s) of A. brassicicola. However, the observed decrease of photosynthetic efficiency at the later stages of infection is a result of the fungus-induced necrotic lesion expansion.

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An effector protein of the wheat stripe rust fungus targets chloroplasts and suppresses chloroplast function

Cited by 181 publications

References 64 publications

An effector of a necrotrophic fungal pathogen targets the calcium‐sensing receptor in chloroplasts to inhibit host resistance

An effector of a necrotrophic fungal pathogen targets the calcium‐sensing receptor in chloroplasts to inhibit host resistance

Complexity of Brassica oleracea–Alternaria brassicicola Susceptible Interaction Reveals Downregulation of Photosynthesis at Ultrastructural, Transcriptional, and Physiological Levels

Complexity of Brassica Oleracea-Alternaria Brassicicola Susceptible Interaction Reveals Down-regulation of Photosynthesis at Ultrastructural, Transcriptional and Physiological Levels

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