An Efficient Algorithm and Hardware Architecture for Maximum-Likelihood Based Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation in MIMO Systems

Robust Blind Detection of Integer Carrier Frequency Offset for Terrestrial Broadcasting Systems Using Band Segmented Transmission

“…The synchronization procedure in the OFDM system generally involves three steps. During the first step of the procedure, the receiver exploits the redundant information to find the FFO and initial STO [9][10][11], which is performed in the time domain. In continuous transmission mode, such as terrestrial broadcasting systems, the cyclic prefix can be used for these synchronization tasks.…”

“…As can be seen from (11), the residual FFO affects the objective metric in two ways-one is to rotate the phases of all sub-carriers by the same amount, and the other is to cause the ICI.…”

“…If not correctly detected and removed, the fractional CFO (FFO) gives rise to the imperfection of the orthogonality among the subcarriers, leading to the inter-carrier interference (ICI), while the integer CFO (IFO) produces a cyclic shifting of all subcarriers in the frequency domain [8]. To address this issue, a lot of estimation methods have been studied for the estimation of the FFO and the IFO [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18].…”

Low Complexity and High Accuracy Estimation of Frequency Offsets for OFDM-Based Cable Transmission Systems

“…Hence, it is of primary interest to keep the orthogonality between the transmitter and receiver in the DVB-C2 system [11,12]. A number of pilot-assisted estimation methods have been presented to obtain accurate CFO and SFO estimates in the literature, from maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) to least-squares estimation (LSE) strategies [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. Although the MLE is known to provide the optimal estimate of CFO and SFO, its complexity tends to be prohibitively expensive to be applied to practical systems [17][18][19][20].…”

“…A number of pilot-assisted estimation methods have been presented to obtain accurate CFO and SFO estimates in the literature, from maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) to least-squares estimation (LSE) strategies [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. Although the MLE is known to provide the optimal estimate of CFO and SFO, its complexity tends to be prohibitively expensive to be applied to practical systems [17][18][19][20]. In order to account for this issue, its low-complexity versions have been investigated in many works [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30].…”