An Efficient Catalyst Prepared from Residual Kaolin for the Esterification of Distillate from the Deodorization of Palm Oil

Abstract

The distillate from the deodorization of palm oil (DDPO) is an agro-industrial residue, approximately 84% of which consists of free fatty acids (FFAs), which can be used for the production of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE). A catalyst (10HPMo/AlSiM) obtained from a waste material, Amazon flint kaolin, was applied in the esterification of the DDPO, reaching a conversion index of 94%, capable of maintaining satisfactory activity (>75%) after four consecutive cycles. Flint kaolin is therefore proven to be an efficient option in the search for new heterogeneous low-cost catalysts obtained from industrial by-products, contributing to the reduction of environmental impact and adding value to widely available wastes that would otherwise be discarded directly into the environment. Based on the catalytic results, esterification of DDPO using 10HPMo/AlSiM can be a cheaper alternative for the production of sustainable fuels.

Glycerol and microwave-assisted catalysis: recent progress in batch and flow devices

“…1,2 First-generation biomass feedstocks are cultivated crops purposely for energy production, and in contrast, the issue of competition for food security arises. 14 Then comes the possibility of using second-generation raw materials from agricultural residues, 15 animals, [16][17][18][19] edible vegetables, 4,20,21 industrial 20,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] and domestic. 10,32,33 And third and fourth-generation raw materials are microalgae.…”

“…In this process, triesters 1 with three long-chain carboxylic acids (C 8 -C 24 ) in the presence of methanol furnish fatty acid methyl (ethyl) esters 2 and glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) (3) as a side-chemical (Scheme 1). 22,25,39 According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the world biodiesel production is expected to increase to 50 billion liters from 2021 to 2030, at a much slower pace during this period when compared to previous decades (Fig. 1).…”

“…In this process, triesters 1 with three long-chain carboxylic acids (C 8 –C 24 ) in the presence of methanol furnish fatty acid methyl (ethyl) esters 2 and glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) ( 3 ) as a side-chemical (Scheme 1). 22,25,39…”

Generative LLMs in Organic Chemistry: Transforming Esterification Reactions into Natural Language Procedures

“…The outcome of an esterification reaction is often dictated by the procedural steps that are followed. Precise procedures, encompassing parameters like the choice of solvents, temperature, and duration, are important to achieve the desired product with a high yield and purity [4,5]. Such procedures serve as a plan for chemists, guiding them through the process of organic synthesis, ensuring reproducibility, and minimizing the chances of unwanted side products.…”