“…The technique exhibits variations depending on the measurement target, characteristics of the incident signal, and measurement equipment. As a representative instance, time domain reflectometry (TDR) [24,25], frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) [26,27], time-frequency domain reflectometry [20,28], and spread spectrum TDR [29,30] have been developed. In this work, we utilize the TDR method using a vector network analyzer (VNA).…”