Currently, two-dimensional materials
are being actively pursued
in catalysis and other fields due their abundance of defects, which
results in enhanced performance relative to their bulk defect-free
counterparts. To date, the exploitation of defects in two-dimensional
materials to enhance photothermal therapies has received little attention,
motivating a detailed investigation. Herein, we successfully fabricated
a series of novel CoFe-based photothermal agents (CoFe-x) by heating CoFe-layered double hydroxide (CoFe-LDH) nanosheets
at different temperatures (x) between 200–800
°C under a Ar atmosphere. The CoFe-x products
differed in their particle size, cobalt defect concentration, and
electronic structure, with the CoFe-500 product containing the highest
concentration of Co2+ defects and most efficient photothermal
performance under near-infrared (NIR, 808 nm) irradiation. Experiments
and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that Co2+ defects modify the electronic structure of CoFe-x, narrowing the band gap and thus increasing the nonradiative
recombination rate, thereby improving the NIR-driven photothermal
properties. In vitro and in vivo results demonstrated that CoFe-500
was an efficient agent for photothermal cancer treatment and also
near-infrared (NIR) thermal imaging, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging,
and photoacoustic (PA) imaging. This work provides valuable new insights
about the role of defects in the rational design of nanoagents with
optimized structures for improved cancer therapy.