“…The background mean ( , , and ) and background standard deviation ( , , and ) are computed from values of pixels on an ellipsoidal patch traced by the midpoint ellipse algorithm to achieve computational efficiency [72,73]. Moreover, the object mean ( , , and ) is computed from values of pixels within a rectangular patch whenever the inequalities ( , ) < − and ( , ) > + are concomitantly satisfied, where = , , are the image channels, ( , ) is a given pixel value,…”