An efficient high-throughput grafting procedure for enhancing carbon fiber-to-matrix interactions in composites

Eyckens, Daniel J.; Stojcevski, Filip; Hendlmeier, Andreas; Arnold, Chantelle L.; Randall, James D.; Perus, Magenta D.; Servinis, Linden; Gengenbach, Thomas R.; Demir, Barış; Walsh, Tiffany R.; Henderson, Luke C.

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2018.07.133

Cited by 53 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…To observe the effects of interface chemistry, three fibers were tested under both SFFT and Iosipescu tow conditions. Each fiber set had a different surface chemistry installed using reductive electrografting of aryldiazonium salts, as reported elsewhere [ 25 , 26 , 27 ]. The IFSS results (from SFFT) of the three fiber configurations are presented in Figure 8 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the interfacial adhesion gains from the T300-amine fibers are most likely attributable to covalent cross-linking with the epoxy resin, the ethyl ester moiety is unable to participate in similar interactions. Based on our previous work [ 25 , 26 , 27 ], we have shown that simply the presence of a small molecule on the fiber is enough to induce improvements in IFSS due to a type of ‘molecular drag’ which is occurring through the polymer phase. Interestingly, the standard deviation of the T300 fibers was significantly smaller than the amine and ester functionalized variants.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Tow Size and Interface Interaction on Interfacial Shear Strength Determined by Iosipescu (V-Notch) Testing in Epoxy Resin

et al. 2018

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Testing methodologies to accurately quantify interfacial shear strength (IFSS) are essential in order to understand fiber-matrix adhesion. While testing methods at a microscale (single filament fragmentation test—SFFT) and macroscale (Short Beam Shear—SBS) are wide spread, each have their own shortcomings. The Iosipescu (V-notch) tow test offers a mesoscale bridge between the microscale and macroscale whilst providing simple, accurate results with minimal time investment. However, the lack of investigations exploring testing variables has limited the application of Iosipescu testing to only a handful of studies. This paper assesses the effect of carbon fiber tow size within the Iosipescu tow test for epoxy resin. Tow sizes of 3, 6, and 9 k are eminently suitable, while more caution must be shown when examining 12, and 15 k tows. In this work, tows at 18 and 24 k demonstrated failure modes not derived from interfacial failure, but poor fiber wetting. A catalogue of common fracture geometries is discussed as a function of performance for the benefit of future researchers. Finally, a comparison of commercial (T300), amine (T300-Amine), and ethyl ester (T300-Ester) surface modified carbon fibers was conducted. The outcomes of this study showed that the Iosipescu tow test is inherently less sensitive in distinguishing between similar IFSS but provides a more ‘real world’ image of the carbon fiber-epoxy interface in a composite material.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Tow Size and Interface Interaction on Interfacial Shear Strength Determined by Iosipescu (V-Notch) Testing in Epoxy Resin

et al. 2018

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“…[1][2][3] However, due to the inert graphite structure on the surface of carbon fiber (CF), the interfacial adhesion between fiber and matrix is weak and most CFRPs exhibit a tendency to fail in the fiber-matrix interface under excessive load as a result of poor interaction. [4][5][6] This phenomenon can greatly affect the overall mechanical properties of laminates, such as compressive properties, flexural performance, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), and so on. [7][8][9] Good interfacial adhesion can effectively transfer stress from the matrix to the reinforcement, which conduce to dispersion of stress and an increase mechanical strength on the composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[10][11][12] To reinforce the interface of CFRP, CF surface need to be modified. In recent decade, many methods to improve the interfacial adhesion of fibrous composites have been proposed, such as chemical grafting, [4,12,13] sizing, [7,14,15] growing carbon black, [10,16,17] electrophoretic deposition, [18][19][20] and introducing nanoparticles. [21][22][23][24][25] But some of them are carried out at extremely toxic, high-energy consuming and harsh conditions, which have a limited development in industrial applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catechol‐based co‐deposited carbon fiber surfaces for enhancement of fiber/epoxy composites

et al. 2020

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To improve interfacial adhesion between carbon fiber (CF) and epoxy resin, a low‐cost and environment‐friendly method was developed to treat the CF surface via the bio‐inspired co‐deposition of catechol (Cc) and polyethyleneimine (PEI). It is noteworthy that the deposition process reacts at room temperature with water as solvent, and does not require harsh conditions or the use of toxic reagents. After treatment, the CF/epoxy composites were endowed with excellent mechanical properties and showed increases of 51.9% and 51.7% for flexural strength and ILSS, respectively, in comparison with unsized CF laminates. The analyses of fractured surface morphologies and strengthening mechanism of the composites indicated that the uniformly coated Cc‐PEI on the fiber surface can promote the diffusion and entanglement of the matrix molecular chains and form chemical bonding as well as π‐π stacking, thus effectively improving the interfacial adhesion. In addition, the facile process disclosed in this study can provide a new strategy to not only for CF treating but also expected to be used in the modification of other high performance fiber reinforcement and industrial applications.

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“…These salts have been used many times before in the modification of many types of carbon structures . Diazonium‐modified carbon fillers have been already used in composites with polyurethanes (98% increase of shape fixity), epoxy resin (47% increase of interfacial shear strength), epoxidized natural rubber (50% increase of tensile modulus), and organophosphorus‐based polymers . Carbon black modified by diazonium salt is also widely used in industry, but it has not been used in PF resins yet .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon black modified with 4‐hydroxymethylbenzenediazonium salt as filler for phenol‐formaldehyde resins and abrasive tools

Sandomierski

Buchwald

Strzemięcka

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Although phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins possess excellent properties, they emit toxic substances during the decomposition of the crosslinking agent. Therefore, studies are being carried out on the fillers, which can reduce the amount of crosslinking agent. In this article, the synthesis of diazonium-modified carbon black was conducted. Diazonium modification allows the effective incorporation of hydroxymethyl groups, which are responsible for the crosslinking of PF resins. Modified materials were used as active fillers in the PF composites and abrasive tools. Due to carbon modification, flexural strength increases 26% for PF resin composite and 1100% for abrasive tools. The increase is related to the resulting covalent bonds between the resin and the modified filler. Therefore, it can be stated that application of active filler improves the properties of novolac composites and abrasive tools. The use of this type of fillers may affect the reduction of the amount of crosslinking agent in the future.

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An efficient high-throughput grafting procedure for enhancing carbon fiber-to-matrix interactions in composites

Cited by 53 publications

References 46 publications

Effect of Tow Size and Interface Interaction on Interfacial Shear Strength Determined by Iosipescu (V-Notch) Testing in Epoxy Resin

Effect of Tow Size and Interface Interaction on Interfacial Shear Strength Determined by Iosipescu (V-Notch) Testing in Epoxy Resin

Catechol‐based co‐deposited carbon fiber surfaces for enhancement of fiber/epoxy composites

Carbon black modified with 4‐hydroxymethylbenzenediazonium salt as filler for phenol‐formaldehyde resins and abrasive tools

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