An efficient organic/inorganic phosphorus–nitrogen–silicon flame retardant towards low-flammability epoxy resin

Luo, Haiqiang; Rao, Wenhui; Zhao, Peng; Wang, Liang; Liu, Yuanli; Yu, Chuanbai

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109195

Cited by 130 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…However, with the layered barrier and skeleton enhancement of ZrP nanosheet, the outer char layer performed excellent isolation to prevent the inner structure from oxidation. Moreover, the content of C–C (61.1%) and CC (13.7%) for the inner char layer was significantly higher than that of the outer char layer (57.3% and 4.6%), which implied the inner char layer formed more crosslinking structures with the barrier effect of the outer char layer 39 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

N‐alkoxyamine‐containing macromolecular intumescent flame‐retardant‐decorated ZrP nanosheet and their synergism in flame‐retarding polypropylene

Chen

Lai

et al. 2021

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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High‐efficiency macromolecular intumescent flame retardant (MIFR) is urgently demanded but of great challenge. In this work, a novel N‐alkoxyamine‐containing MIFR‐decorated zirconium phosphate (ZrP) nanosheet (denoted as RQMIFR‐ZrP) was synthesized and combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to endowed polypropylene (PP) with excellent flame retardancy. With the addition of 6.3 wt% RQMIFR‐ZrP and 18.7 wt% APP, PP classed a UL‐94 V‐0 rating with a high LOI value of 39.5%. Moreover, the peak heat release rate, the total heat release, the peak of CO production, and the peak of CO2 production of PP/RQMIFR‐ZrP/APP decreased by 94.0%, 83.2%, 91.3%, and 91.7%, respectively. It revealed that RQMIFR‐ZrP not only generated nitroxyl radicals (NO•) to suppress the chain degradation of PP but also promoted to form high‐quality intumescent char layers with the catalytic carbonization and layered barrier effect of ZrP nanosheet, which effectively prevented PP from burning. This work provides a new approach to preparing high‐performance flame‐retardant polymer.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

N‐alkoxyamine‐containing macromolecular intumescent flame‐retardant‐decorated ZrP nanosheet and their synergism in flame‐retarding polypropylene

Chen

Lai

et al. 2021

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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“…The increase in LOI value is attributed to the formation of a glassy protective layer during the combustion of silicon-containing materials, thereby enhancing the stability of the carbon layer. 43 CCT is one of the most ideal test instruments that can characterize the combustion performance of materials. The related results of EP and its composites are illustrated in Figure 6 and Table 5.…”

Section: Flame Retardancy Of Ep and Its Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of phosphorus and silicon co‐doped graphitic carbon nitride and its combination with ammonium polyphosphate to enhance the flame retardancy of epoxy resin

Zhang

Chen

Yuan

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Phosphorus and silicon co-doped graphitic carbon nitride (PSiCN) was synthesized by inducing the polycondensation reaction of melamine, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, and silicic acid. The structure and thermal properties of PSiCN were characterized. With the incorporation of 2 wt% of PSiCN and 8 wt% of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), EP/2PSiCN-8APP composite exhibited a limiting oxygen index value of 29.0% and passed a UL-94V-0 rating, which reached the refractory level. The thermogravimetric analysis confirmed that the addition of PSiCN and APP improved the thermal stability of the composites. The cone calorimetry test (CCT) revealed that the peak of heat release rate, total heat release, the peak of smoke production rate and total smoke production of EP/2PSiCN-8APP composite was reduced by 71.1%, 53.5%, 65.4%, and 53.5%, respectively, compared with pure EP. Furthermore, the residues after CCT were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, laser Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the flame retardant mechanism of EP/2PSiCN-8APP composite was proposed. Finally, the parallel arrangement of the aromatic ring and the surface of the PSiCN and the synergistic effect of the P/N/Si multi-element resulted in EP/2PSiCN-8APP with excellent mechanical properties.

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“…In the C 1s spectra, the peak at around 284.6 eV is attributed to the C–C and C–H bonds, and the peak at around 286.0 eV belongs to C–OH, C–O–P, and C–N. 32 , 34 In addition, the peaks at around 288.9 and 283.8 eV were due to the C–Si bonds and the carbonyl groups in polyaromatic structures, respectively. In the N 1s spectra, two peaks at around 400.2 and 398.6 eV are present, which may be corresponding to pyrrolic N and pyridinic N. In the Si 2p spectra, the peaks at 101.6and 102.2 eV are assigned to Si–C and Si–O bonds, respectively.…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, the flame retardants containing diverse elements can achieve high flame-retardant properties, low toxic gas release, and smoke suppression under the synergistic effect of multiple elements. 34 , 35 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of a Novel Flame Retardant Containing Phosphorus, Nitrogen, and Silicon and Its Application in Epoxy Resin

et al. 2021

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A novel flame retardant (TDA) containing phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon was synthesized successfully via a controllable ring-opening addition reaction between 1,3,5-triglycidyl isocyanurate, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide, and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and TDA was then blended with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A to prepare flame-retardant epoxy resins (EPs). The chemical structure and components of TDA were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis results indicated that after the introduction of TDA, cured EP maintained good thermal stability with a minimum initial decomposition temperature of 337.6 °C, and the char yields of a EP/TDA-5 sample significantly increased by 76.2% compared with that of the neat EP thermoset. Additionally, with the addition of 25.0 wt % TDA (1.05 wt % phosphorus loading), the limited oxygen index value of cured EP increased from 22.5% of pure EP to 33.4%, and vertical burning V-0 rating was easily achieved. Meanwhile, after the incorporation of TDA, the total heat release and total smoke production of the EP/TDA-5 sample obviously reduced by 28.9 and 27.7% in the cone calorimeter test, respectively. Flame-retardant performances and flame-retardant mechanisms were further analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, FTIR, energy-dispersive spectrometry, and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results reveal that the synergistic effect of phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon plays an excellent flame-retardant role in both gaseous and condensed phases. In addition, the mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of cured EP thermosets are well maintained rather than destroyed. All the results demonstrate that TDA endows epoxy resin with excellent flame retardancy and possesses great promise in the industrial field.

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An efficient organic/inorganic phosphorus–nitrogen–silicon flame retardant towards low-flammability epoxy resin

Cited by 130 publications

References 34 publications

N‐alkoxyamine‐containing macromolecular intumescent flame‐retardant‐decorated ZrP nanosheet and their synergism in flame‐retarding polypropylene

N‐alkoxyamine‐containing macromolecular intumescent flame‐retardant‐decorated ZrP nanosheet and their synergism in flame‐retarding polypropylene

Synthesis of phosphorus and silicon co‐doped graphitic carbon nitride and its combination with ammonium polyphosphate to enhance the flame retardancy of epoxy resin

Synthesis of a Novel Flame Retardant Containing Phosphorus, Nitrogen, and Silicon and Its Application in Epoxy Resin

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