The cloud computing paradigm is increasingly becoming mainstream and a growing number of companies and research organizations seek to gain value from its unique characteristics, service models, and deployment forms. According to recent estimates of Gartner 1 and IDC, 2 the public cloud services market is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 16.5% and 21.5%, respectively, from 2015-2020. Gartner expects the highest growth rates in spendings on public cloud infrastructure services. This implies not only a high relevance of approaches supporting the management of cloud infrastructures, but also the need for approaches facilitating and improving the use of cloud infrastructures from the consumer's point of view. The realization of the computing utility vision, commoditized and delivered in a manner similar to traditional utilities like water and electricity, 3 however, currently fails because of the huge complexity in cloud environments where many complex decisions have to be made, as recently reported in one of the largest global IT leadership surveys. 4 In addition, due to the environmental impact of cloud computing and the relation between energy consumption and costs, a sustainable use of resources is of considerable importance and requires the development of new policies and techniques. As a result, the success of cloud computing adoption and provision is highly dependent on efficient and intelligent decision making.This gives rise to many complex combinatorial optimization problems both from the consumers' and providers' perspective. 5 The implications of decisions need to be quantifiable in terms of different dimensions (eg, economics, sustainability, performance) to allow a comparison of alternatives and to decide on the right course of action. Cloud service providers aim to reduce operational expenses and improve economies of scale to maximize profits and provide competitive prices in a highly competitive market. Therefore, cloud service providers are particularly concerned with a cost-effective, energy-efficient, fault-tolerant utilization and management of physical and virtual computing resources, whereby the quality-of-service (QoS) requirements of consumers have to be satisfied. From the consumers' point of view, particularly an efficient selection and utilization of cloud providers and cloud services, as well as the management thereof, is of interest. Several requirements in terms of costs, service quality, and legal constraints need to be taken into account when placing applications into the cloud (for extensive overviews, the interested reader is referred to Heilig et al 6,7 ). This also involves specific characteristics of cloud computing, such as the options of scalability, load balancing, and replication. Moreover, cloud-related application areas and research directions have been expanded to novel paradigms in recent years including fog computing, serverless computing, and internet of things (IoT), leading to new open issues and optimization challenges regarding resource management...