SUMMARYThis paper compares the expressive power of five language-based access control models. We show that the expressive powers are incomparable between any pair of history-based access control, regular stack inspection and shallow history automata. Based on these results, we introduce an extension of HBAC, of which expressive power exceeds that of regular stack inspection. key words: history-based access control, stack inspection, shallow history automaton, expressive power