2010
DOI: 10.1007/s10570-010-9446-2
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An efficient transformation of cellulose into cellulose carbamates assisted by microwave irradiation

Abstract: Cellulose carbamates (CCs) were microwave-assisted synthesized from the native cellulose and urea under solvent-free and catalyst-free conditions. Types of raw materials, the effects of the reaction condition on the nitrogen content of CCs were investigated. CCs were characterized with infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), 13 C NMR spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetry. The results indicated that various source of native celluloses such as cotton linter, reed, bagasse and … Show more

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Cited by 50 publications
(25 citation statements)
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“…There was an evident increase in the C4 shoulder in the RC filaments from RCF-4-I to RCF-4, reflecting an increase in the degree of anisotropy or more specifically, an increase in chain orientation. There was a clear difference between the RC fibers and CC samples in the appearance of the carbonyl carbon signal at 158.6 ppm, 29,30 which indicated that the carbamate groups were successfully cleaved off from the cellulose backbone after coagulation in the acid bath. The 13 C NMR spectra of viscose rayon and cuprammonium rayon indicated higher orientation with drawing.…”
Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…There was an evident increase in the C4 shoulder in the RC filaments from RCF-4-I to RCF-4, reflecting an increase in the degree of anisotropy or more specifically, an increase in chain orientation. There was a clear difference between the RC fibers and CC samples in the appearance of the carbonyl carbon signal at 158.6 ppm, 29,30 which indicated that the carbamate groups were successfully cleaved off from the cellulose backbone after coagulation in the acid bath. The 13 C NMR spectra of viscose rayon and cuprammonium rayon indicated higher orientation with drawing.…”
Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Several means exist to synthesize CC, including esterification reaction in N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) [ 21 ], the isocyanate-pyridine procedure [ 22 ], the “pad-drycure” method [ 23 ], supercritical CO 2 -assisted impregnation [ 24 , 25 ], and electron radiation [ 26 ]. In previous work, we reported the fast synthesis of CC in several minutes by microwave heating without using a solvent or catalyst [ 27 , 28 , 29 ]. More recently, the low content of urea aqueous solution was used to soak cellulose, and CC was synthesized by conventional heating [ 30 , 31 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Inspired by the pretreatment and ionization of cellulose, we used cellulose carbamate (CC) as a precursor of cellulose nanofiber. CC is the intermediate of the Carbocel process [21,22], which is used to produce rayon and cellophane, and thus has received a lot of attention [23,24]. The starting point of this study is to prepare CC from lignocellulose of eucalyptus and investigate the preparation conditions.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%