An Electrical Conductivity Recorder for Salinity Measurements.

Weibel, E. E.; Thuras, A. L.

doi:10.1021/ie50104a024

Cited by 4 publications

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“…The use of the ordinary lighting circuit (60 cycles) with a vibration galvanometer is recommended by Green (1917). The use of an alternating current galvanometer in connection with a recording device is suggested by Weibel and Thuras (1918).…”

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Injury, recovery, and death, in relation to conductivity and permeability / by W.J.V. Osterhout.

Osterhout¹

1922

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alike as possible, except that they are placed in different solutions. The electrode holders are now pressed against the ends of the roll of disks, the block, M, is firmly fastened by means of the set screw, N, and the screw, F, is turned until the electrode holders are tightly clamped against the roll of disks. The pressure used in this operation should be fairly uniform.T he apparatus is now lifted out of the sea water• It was at first thought necessary to use a dynamometer, but it was found that the operator soon becomes so proficient as to make it unnecessary. The resistance is very little affected by vuriations in pressure. 'In the earlier experiments the resistance was taken with the cylinder submerged in sea water, and this may be preferable in special cases. MEASURING ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY 27 and allowed to drain^for a definite time (not over one minute) after which the resistance becomes practically constant. The current passes for a short distance through sea water before reaching the disks. There is a film of sea water between each pair of disks and likewise a film around the cut edges. Otherwise the current passes only through the tissue. As soon as the resistance has been measured the apparatus is replaced in sea water; the set screw, N, is loosened so that the electrode holders can be moved apart and the disks separated from each other by means of forceps. After standing for a few minutes in sea water the resistance is again determined. The disks are then separated as before and allowed to stand in sea water. This procedure is continued until it becomes evident that the resistance is practically stationary.T he apparatus is then transferred to another solution (e, g., NaCl 0.52 M) having the same conducti\dty (and temperature^^) as the sea water. There should be at least 1,500 cc. of solution, contained in a shallow dish of glass or enameled ware. The disks are at once separated by means of forceps and thoroughly rinsed ' Each support rests on a block of paraffin. Care must be taken that there is no conduction between the blocks; e.g., along the wet surface of ihe tabla 'For the literature see Robertson, T. B. (1906, 1910, pp. 238, 311). Also Szucs (1912). "All the solutions had the same conductivity as sea water. 225 Bugarsky, 21, 225 Burgess, 176 Cadmium, effect on conductivity, 46 Caesium, penetration of, 203, 214 Caffeine, antagonism of, 171 ff effect on conductivity, 171 ff, 194

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Injury, recovery, and death, in relation to conductivity and permeability / by W.J.V. Osterhout.

Osterhout¹

1922

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Section: Methods Of Measuring Electrical Conductivitymentioning

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Injury, Recovery and Death, in Relation to Conductivity and Permeability.

1923

JAMA

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PAGE 88. A Vegetable Cell Showing Plasmolysis 201 89. Apparatus for Testing Rate of Diffusion of Salts through Living Tissue 90. Diffusion of Various Solutions through Laminaria Agardhii 91. Exosmosis into Distilled Water from Taraxacum Officinale 92. Recovery of Taraxacum OflBcinale from Effect of Various Hypertonic , Solutions 93. Diagram Showing Principle of Resistance 94. Increase in Value of Velocity Constants 95. Decrease in Value of Velocity Constants 96. A Cell of Griffiihsia Bornetiana INJURY, RECOVERY, AND DEATH, IN RELATION TO CONDUCTIVITY AND PERMEABILITY to illustrate-the importance of quantitative methods in the study of fundamental problems. The significance of such methods is further shown by the fact that they have led to the development of equations which enable us to predict with a satisfactory degree of accuracy the recovery curves which are observed under a great variety of conditions. As the result of these investigations we are led to look upon recovery in a somewhat different f ashioli from that which is customary. While recovery is usually ''Cf. Osterhoiit (1915, C). C/. Osterhout (1913, B) Cadmium, effect on conductivity, 46 Caesium, penetration of, 203, 214 Caffeine, antagonism of, 171 ff effect on conductivity, 171 ff, 194

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“…The use of an alternating current galvanometer in connection with a recording device is suggested by Weibel and Thuras (1918).…”

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confidence: 99%

Injury, recovery, and death, in relation to conductivity and permeability, by W.J.V. Osterhout ...

Osterhout¹

1922

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In order to explain these results we may assume that 1 The general conception that the death process goes on continually is in harmony with the ideas expressed by many physiologists from Claude Bernard (1879; I, 28), down to the present day. Cf. Lipschiitz, A. (1915). INJURY, RECOVERY, AND DEATH environment are fairly uniform in their electrical resistance, so that we may speak of a normal degree of resistance as indicating a normal condition. If the plant is injured and the resistance falls, we may consider that the loss of resistance gives a measure of the amount of injury. This enables us to place the study of injury upon a quantitative basis. As the result of this we are able to formulate a definite conception of the mechanism of recovery. We find that if injury in a solution of NaCl amounts to 5% the tissue recovers its normal resistance when replaced in sea water. But if the injury amounts to 25% recovery is incomplete: instead of returning to the normal the resistance rises to only 90% of the normal. The greater the injury the less complete the recovery. When injury amounts to 90% there is no recovery. This is of especial interest, since in physiological literature it seems to be generally assumed that when recovery occurs it is always complete, or practically so, as if it obeyed an "all or none" law. But it is evident that partial recovery may be easily overlooked unless accurate measurements can be made. This fact may serve to illustrate the importance of quantitative methods in the study of fundamental problems. The significance of such methods is further shown by the fact that they have led to the development of equations which enable us to predict with a satisfactory degree of accuracy the recovery curves which are observed under a great variety of conditions. As the result of these investigations we are led to look upon recovery in a somewhat different fashion from that which is customary. While recovery is usually This was developed without reference .to the methods previously used and differs somewhat from them.

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An Electrical Conductivity Recorder for Salinity Measurements.

Cited by 4 publications

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Injury, recovery, and death, in relation to conductivity and permeability / by W.J.V. Osterhout.

Injury, recovery, and death, in relation to conductivity and permeability / by W.J.V. Osterhout.

Injury, Recovery and Death, in Relation to Conductivity and Permeability.

Injury, recovery, and death, in relation to conductivity and permeability, by W.J.V. Osterhout ...

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