An Electrical Muscle Stimulation Suit for Increasing Blood Pressure

Abstract

EMS created similar BP as GS and AGSM at 1 G and also had higher pre- and post-control values. Further studies are required to evaluate if this principle may be used for G protection of pilots.

Compensatory hemodynamic changes in response to central hypovolemia in humans: lower body negative pressure: updates and perspectives

“…LBNP is usually, though not always, applied to persons in the supine position, without skeletal muscle activity to minimize motion artifacts (Bennett 1987 ; Baisch 1993 ; Balldin et al 1996 ). It can also be applied in exercising subjects (Hargens et al 1991 ).…”

“…Additional effects of the LBNP on different systems include on cerebral, autonomic, coagulation, pulmonary systems and hormones (Bevegard et al 1977 ; Bennett 1987 ; Bertinieri et al 1988 ; Berdeaux et al 1992 ; Baisch 1993 ; Balldin et al 1996 ; Beske et al 2001 ). For instance, forearm muscle sympathetic activity doubles at − 60 mmHg LBNP (Haditsch et al 2015 ; Roessler et al 2011 ; Verma et al 2017 ; Patel et al 2016 ).…”

“…Depending on the magnitude of suction, LBNP induced vascular pooling in the legs leads to decreases in venous return, central venous pressure, and stroke volume (Baisch 1993 ; Balldin et al 1996 ). The onset and the degree of hypotension during central hypovolemia induced by LBNP also varies between participants’ (Bennett 1987 ; Baisch 1993 ; Balldin et al 1996 ).…”

“…Intensive central hypovolemia can be experimentally induced via passive head up Tilt (HUT) and/or lower body negative pressure (LBNP) or a combination of both HUT + LBNP (Arbeille and Herault 1998 ; Cvirn et al 2012 ). Negative suction pressure application on the lower body via a seal at anterior superior iliac spine causes caudal shifts in the blood and leads to a decreased venous return, and consequently, central hypovolemia (Baisch 1993 ; Balldin et al 1996 ; Goswami et al 2009a , b , c ). During central hypovolemia, inhibitory effects of arterial and cardiopulmonary receptors on the central sympathetic system are removed leading to increased sympathetic activity (Barcroft et al 1944 ), which ensure adequate cerebral perfusion and maintenance of blood pressure.…”

“…across seasons and/or varying skin temperatures) and to investigate how the LBNP-induced responses vary across the sexes. For detailed effects of the LBNP on cardiovascular reflexes, please see (Bevegard et al 1977 ; Bennett 1987 ; Balldin et al 1996 ; Beske et al 2001 ; Goswami et al 2008 , 2019a , b ).…”