An Electrochemical Method to Detect Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase

Abstract

Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) is a transferase, which is of great importance in sustaining intracellular cysteine and glutathione levels. The abnormal expression of GGT is significantly associated with features of many metabolic syndromes (e.g., hepatocellular carcinoma). Therefore, it is essential to develop methods to detect GGT so as to monitor the physiological or pathological phenomena related to this species. In this work, by making use of a complex formed by Cu2+ and glutathione, which may exhibit excellent voltammetric response, we have proposed a novel potential electrochemical method for the detection of the enzyme. Results show that in the presence of GGT, the formation of Cu2+-glutathione complex on a working electrode will be disrupted, resulting in greatly depressed electrochemical signals. The primary method exhibits some advantages, such as it being fast, cost-efficient, and conveniently operated. It also has the potential to be further developed as an effective method in the quantitative detection of GGT in real samples.

γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase-Triggered Intracellular Gadolinium Nanoparticle Formation Enhances the T2-Weighted MR Contrast of Tumor

“…Conventional analytical methods such as colorimetric assay, 7 high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 8 and electrochemistry 9 have been used to detect GGT activity in vitro. Optical and nuclear techniques have been employed to image GGT activity in superficial xenografted tumor of living subjects.…”

“…Conventional analytical methods such as colorimetric assay, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and electrochemistry have been used to detect GGT activity in vitro . Optical and nuclear techniques have been employed to image GGT activity in superficial xenografted tumor of living subjects. − However, optical imaging with shallow tissue penetration depth is not suit for the diagnosis of above-mentioned internal deep GGT-related cancers. , Although nuclear imaging offers high sensitivity, its spatial resolution is poor.…”

Bioluminescence Sensing of γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase Activity In Vitro and In Vivo

“…Thus, GGT can be regarded as an important biomarker for cancer diagnosis as well as a therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Traditional methods, including colorimetric assay, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and electrochemistry, were employed for GGT detection. Among them, colorimetric assay is still being used for commercial GGT assay kits.…”

An Activatable Chemiluminescent Probe for Sensitive Detection of γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase Activity in Vivo

“…To date, there are many methods, including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), electrochemistry, and colorimetric and fluorescence assays, have been developed to detect GGT activity. Among them, fluorescence-imaging approaches featuring high sensitivity, easy operation, and noninvasiveness are particularly attractive for not only facile detection of GGT activity in vitro (e.g., blood samples, pathological tissues) but also noninvasive visualization of its expression in vivo. − Accordingly, tremendous efforts have been made to develop various fluorescent probes capable of offering sensitive fluorescence for GGT. , For example, Urano et al have pioneered the development of a fluorogenic probe for GGT, which could be specifically activated by GGT and produce turn-on green fluorescence amenable to detect peritoneal ovarian cancers in intraoperative mice .…”

“…To date, there are many methods, including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 11 electrochemistry, 12 and colorimetric 13 and fluorescence assays, 14 have been developed to detect GGT activity. Among them, fluorescence-imaging approaches featuring high sensitivity, easy operation, and noninvasiveness are particularly attractive for not only facile detection of GGT activity in vitro (e.g., blood samples, pathological tissues) but also noninvasive visualization of its expression in vivo.…”