An electrochemical sensor for dopamine based on poly(o-phenylenediamine) functionalized with electrochemically reduced graphene oxide

Abstract

The electropolymerization of o-phenylenediamine was performed on an electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (E-RGO)/glass carbon electrode (GCE) (E-RGO/GCE). It was found that this novel poly(ophenylenediamine) (PoPD)/E-RGO (PoPD/E-RGO) hybrid composite showed good electrocatalytic activity toward dopamine (DA) and good specificity for the detection of DA without interference from ascorbic acid (AA) or uric acid (UA). Differential pulse voltammetry was used for the electrochemical DA detection. The response peak current for the electrochemical sensor was linear over the ranges of 10 to 400 mM (r ¼ 0.996) and 400 mM to 800 mM (r ¼ 0.997). The detection limit was estimated to be 7.5 mM.The electrochemical sensor also exhibited good stability. In addition, the electrochemical sensor was successfully applied to the detection of DA in human urine samples using the standard adding method with satisfactory results.

Facile in situ Electrosynthesis and High Electrocatalytic Performance of Interconnected Layered Double Hydroxides/Graphene Hybrids for Dopamine Oxidation: A Comparative Study

“…So the development of simple, cost‐effective and rapid analytical method as well as novel and stable materials is essential for the determination of DA in routine analysis. Some of the electroactive materials having reasonable electrocatalytic activity toward detection of dopamine are reported like: electro‐reduced graphene oxide supported walnut shape nickel nanostructures , polydopamine modified reduced graphene oxide anchored with tin dioxide and gold nanoparticles , poly(o‐phenylenediamine) functionalized with electrochemically reduced graphene oxide , AuNPs‐rGO‐ITO electrode , Mg‐Al layered double hydroxide/cobalt phthalocyanine ultrathin film and layered double hydroxides supported graphene based materials .…”

Voltammetric sensing of dopamine in urine samples with electrochemically activated commercially available screen-printed carbon electrodes

“…[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] Glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) were modified with sulfonated graphene 23 or with reduced graphene oxide. 24,25 There are reports on the use of GCE modified with various composite materials: a SiO 2 -coated graphene oxide and molecularly imprinted polymers, 26 nanocomposite with carbon nanotubes, [27][28][29] NiFe 2 O 4 magnetic nanoparticles decorated with multiwall carbon nanotubes, 30 with a carbon nanohorns/poly(glycine) composite, 31 with poly(o-methoxyaniline)-gold (POMA-Au) nanocomposite, 32 with a complex of gold nanoparticles and multiwall carbon nanotubes. 33 GCE modified with a combination of fullerene (C 60 )-functionalized carbon nanotubes and ionic liquid 1-butyl-3methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate was used to determine several catecholamine's: nor epinephrine, isoprenaline and dopamine.…”

“…36 Modified GCEs allowed measurements of dopamine in urine at the levels of 5-30μM. [23][24][25][26][27][28][30][31][32][34][35][36][37] Polyvinylpyrrolidone/graphene modified GCE showed the detection limit of 0.5 nM dopamine. However, the recovery tests with these sensors in real samples were done at rather high concentrations, e.g.…”

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“…[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] Glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) were modified with sulfonated graphene 23 or with reduced graphene oxide. 24,25 There are reports on the use of GCE modified with various composite materials: a SiO 2 -coated graphene oxide and molecularly imprinted polymers, 26 nanocomposite with carbon nanotubes, [27][28][29] NiFe 2 O 4 magnetic nanoparticles decorated with multiwall carbon nanotubes, 30 with a carbon nanohorns/poly(glycine) composite, 31 with poly(o-methoxyaniline)-gold (POMA-Au) nanocomposite, 32 with a complex of gold nanoparticles and multiwall carbon nanotubes. 33 GCE modified with a combination of fullerene (C 60 )-functionalized carbon nanotubes and ionic liquid 1-butyl-3methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate was used to determine several catecholamine's: nor epinephrine, isoprenaline and dopamine.…”

“…36 Modified GCEs allowed measurements of dopamine in urine at the levels of 5-30μM. [23][24][25][26][27][28][30][31][32][34][35][36][37] Polyvinylpyrrolidone/graphene modified GCE showed the detection limit of 0.5 nM dopamine. However, the recovery tests with these sensors in real samples were done at rather high concentrations, e.g.…”