An Electrochemically Regenerative Hydrogen‐Chlorine Energy Storage System: A Study of Mass and Heat Balances

Abstract

A study has been made to characterize the operating conditions of an electrochemically regenerative hydrogen‐chlorine energy storage system. A nonsteady‐state mass and heat balance was used to determine the changes in the electrolyte concentration, temperature, cell voltage, and flow rate requirements during charge and discharge. The over‐all electric‐to‐electric efficiency was calculated for various operating overvoltages. A simple thermal analysis is also presented for estimating temperature excursions and system performances.

The Chemistry of Redox‐Flow Batteries

“…Under these conditions,and because of the rapid reactions,it is possible to achieve an energy efficiency of over 70 %, [202] whereby only asmall portion of Cl 2 is lost by diffusion to the anode. [203] With the use of polymer electrolyte membranes, the water content in the membrane determines the transport properties of ions,w hich leads to ad ependence on the acid concentration.…”

ChemInform Abstract: The Chemistry of Redox‐Flow Batteries

“…Under these conditions,and because of the rapid reactions,it is possible to achieve an energy efficiency of over 70 %, [202] whereby only asmall portion of Cl 2 is lost by diffusion to the anode. Under these conditions,and because of the rapid reactions,it is possible to achieve an energy efficiency of over 70 %, [202] whereby only asmall portion of Cl 2 is lost by diffusion to the anode.…”

Applications of Perfluorosulfonated Polymer Membranes in Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Load Leveling Devices

“…The secondary batteries and regenerative fuel cells that have been considered for the load leveling/peak-shaving applications are the sodium-sulfur battery (35), the lithium-metal sulfide battery (36), the zinc-chlorine battery (37), the zinc-bromine battery (38)(39)(40)(41), the hydrogen-chlorine cell (42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49), the hydrogen-bromine cell (50), the iron-chromine redox cell (51,52), the iron-ferric redox cell (53,54), and the zinc-ferrocyanide redox cell (55). The Nafion membrane has been used as a separator in both the hydrogen-halogen cell (45,50) and in the zinc-bromine cell (38) because Nafion is a highly stable perfluorinated material which is not affected by strong acids and halogen.…”