An electron beam melting system for in-situ synchrotron X-ray monitoring

Escano, Luis I.; Clark, Samuel J.; Chuang, Andrew Chihpin; Yuan, Jiandong; Guo, Qilin; Qu, Minglei; Dong, William; Zhang, Xinhang; Huang, Junye; Fezzaa, Kamel; Kenesei, Péter; Walker, Brandon J.; Sun, Tao; Eliceiri, Kevin W.; Chen, Lianyi

doi:10.1016/j.addlet.2022.100094

Cited by 11 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The above studies help us to investigate the causes of the forming defects of parts and thus find ways to reduce the forming defects of parts. In addition to the above scholars who have used X-rays to study the process of laser interaction with metal powder, there are other scholars who have also conducted relevant studies using X-rays [ 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 ]. X-ray observation of the microstructure of molded parts has also been used to determine the internal grain boundary distribution [ 122 ] and to find microscopic defects (internal porosity, cracks, etc.).…”

Section: Visual Measurement Methods Of the Molten Metal Evaporation P...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Visual Measurement Methods for Metal Vaporization Processes in Laser Powder Bed Fusion

et al. 2023

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Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is of great importance for the visual measurement and analysis of the metallization process, which is the process of solid, liquid, and gas phase transformations of metal powders under high-energy laser irradiation due to the low boiling point/high saturated vapor pressure. Since the evaporation of metals involves the interaction of driving forces such as vapor back pressure, surface tension, and gravity, the movement of the melt pool is not stable. At the same time, it also produces vaporization products such as vapor plumes and sprays, which cause defects such as bubbles, porosity, lack of fusion, inclusions, etc., during the manufacturing process of the parts, affecting the performance and manufacturing quality of the parts. More and more researchers are using imaging technologies, such as high-speed X-ray, high-speed visible light cameras, and high-speed schlieren imaging, to perform noncontact visual measurements and analyses of the melt pool, vapor plume, and spatter during the metal evaporation process, and the results show that the metal evaporation process can be suppressed by optimizing the process parameters and changing the processing atmosphere, thereby reducing part defects and improving part performance and built part quality. This paper reviews the research on metal evaporation mechanisms and visual measurement methods of metal evaporation, then discusses the measures of metal evaporation, and finally summarizes and prospects the future research hotspots of LPBF technology, according to the existing scholars’ research on numerical simulation analysis and visual measurement methods of the metal evaporation process.

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Section: Visual Measurement Methods Of the Molten Metal Evaporation P...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Visual Measurement Methods for Metal Vaporization Processes in Laser Powder Bed Fusion

et al. 2023

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“…In situ and operando synchrotron X-ray techniques are powerful tools used to investigate and understand the mechanisms occurring during the 3D printing processes (e.g., melt pool dynamics, defects formation, and solid-state phase transformation). Several machines dedicated to synchrotron experiments have been developed and used to study a broad range of 3D printing techniques and materials, e.g., [28,29]. However, most of the machines allow printing relatively small sized parts with simple printing strategies.…”

Section: A Mini-lmd Machinementioning

confidence: 99%

High-resolution reciprocal space mapping reveals dislocation structure evolution during 3D printing

Gaudez

Abdesselam

Gharbi

et al. 2023

Additive Manufacturing

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A review of the current state-of-the-art on in situ monitoring in electron beam powder bed fusion

Grasso,

Colosimo

2024

Prog Addit Manuf

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The industrial development of electron beam powder bed fusion (PBF-EB) is relatively younger and much more limited in terms of global widespread and revenues compared to laser powder bed fusion (PBF-L). Nevertheless, PBF-EB has been adopted in some of the most successful industrial case studies of metal AM, as it provides specific benefits and capabilities that make it a key enabling technology in a variety of industrial applications. Moreover, the recent years have seen a rapid evolution with new actors and new systems entering the market, together with a considerable increase of research and innovation programs. A field of major interest is the development and continuous improvement of in situ sensing and monitoring methods to anticipate the detection of defects, to predict the final quality of the part, and to rethink product qualification procedures. The technological features of the PBF-EB process have motivated the development of solutions that differ from the ones in PBF-L. Some of them have reached a good maturity level, being recently integrated into industrial machines, while others still deserve further research. This study explores the current state-of-the-art on in situ and in-line monitoring of the PBF-EB process, aiming to provide an up-to-date overview of the major differences with respect to PBF-L, currently available methods and their performances, as well as open issues, challenges to be tackled, and perspective for future research and industrial developments.

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An electron beam melting system for in-situ synchrotron X-ray monitoring

Cited by 11 publications

References 26 publications

Review of Visual Measurement Methods for Metal Vaporization Processes in Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Review of Visual Measurement Methods for Metal Vaporization Processes in Laser Powder Bed Fusion

High-resolution reciprocal space mapping reveals dislocation structure evolution during 3D printing

A review of the current state-of-the-art on in situ monitoring in electron beam powder bed fusion

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