An electron microscopic analysis of abnormal ependymal cell proliferation and envelopment of sprouting axons following spinal cord transection in the rat

Matthews, Murray A.; Onge, M. F. St.; Faciane, C. L.

doi:10.1007/bf00691801

Cited by 53 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The large size of the lumen is also a common feature shared by the eel and other anamniotes (Michel and Reier, 1979;Wood and Cohen, 1981;Anderson and Waxman, 1983a;Lurie and Selzer, 1991;Lurie et al, 1994;Nona and Stafford, 1995), and even mammals show canal enlargement (Matthews et al, 1979;Beattie et al, 1997) and cord cavitation (Milhorat et al, 1995). Whether this large space serves some specific function for regeneration is a question that unfortunately cannot be answered, because we have little understanding of the central canal's role even in the uninjured cord (for discussion see Roberts et al, 1995) and can only speculate that its voluminous, debris-free form in the eel serves some transport function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Multiple ependymal structures form when the regenerating tail of Apteronotus is repeatedly injured (Anderson et al, 1986), and abnormal "rosettes" (Matthews et al, 1979) or "islets" (Bernstein, 1986) of ependymal cells have been observed in the injured mammalian cord. Taken together, these data suggest that ependymocytes are able to self-organize into circular, lumen-containing structures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Reaction of spinal cord central canal cells to cord transection and their contribution to cord regeneration

Dervan¹,

Roberts²

2003

J of Comparative Neurology

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After transection, the spinal cord of the eel Anguilla quickly regrows and reconnects, and function recovers. We describe here the changes in the central canal region that accompany this regeneration by using serial semithin plastic sections and immunohistochemistry. The progress of axonal regrowth was followed in material labeled with DiI. The canal of the uninjured cord is surrounded by four cell types: S-100-immunopositive ependymocytes, S-100- and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunopositive tanycytes, vimentin-immunopositive dorsally located cells, and lateral and ventral liquor-contacting neurons, which label for either gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). After cord transection, a new central canal forms rapidly as small groups of cells at the leading edges of the transection create flat "plates" that serve as templates for subsequent formation of the lateral and dorsal walls. Profile counts and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine immunohistochemistry indicate that these cells are dividing rapidly during the first 20 days of the repair process. The newly formed canal, which bridges the transection by day 10 but is not complete until about day 20, is greatly enlarged (

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Reaction of spinal cord central canal cells to cord transection and their contribution to cord regeneration

Dervan¹,

Roberts²

2003

J of Comparative Neurology

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“…Most epithelia demonstrate remarkable plasticity and considerable regenerative ability, however, ependymal cells demonstrate only weak regeneration capacity. Nevertheless, several reports over the last years have shown that ependymal cells in vertebrates proliferate after injuries to the spinal cord (Adrian and Walker, 1962;Matthews et al, 1979;Johansson et al, 1999a;Namiki and Tator, 1999;Liu et al, 2002). Unfortunately, there is still no evidence that ependymal cells can regenerate a major loss of CNS tissue (e.g., parts of the mammalian spinal cord).…”

Section: The Function Of the Ependyma: A Concealed Reservoir Of Stem mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism of stem cells in the central nervous system

Johansson

2003

Journal Cellular Physiology

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Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) can result in severe functional impairment. The brain and spinal cord, which constitute the CNS, have been viewed for decades as having a very limited capacity for regeneration. However, over the last several years, the body of evidence supporting the concept of regeneration and continuous renewal of neurons in specific regions of the CNS has increased. This evidence has significantly altered our perception of the CNS and has offered new hope for possible cell therapy strategies to repair lost function. Transplantation of stem cells or the recruitment of endogenous stem cells to repair specific regions of the brain or spinal cord is the next exciting research challenge. However, our understanding of the existing stem cell pool in the adult CNS remains limited. This review will discuss the identification and characterization of CNS stem cells in the adult brain and spinal cord.

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“…We and others have shown that ependymal cells The adult mammalian central nervous system contains endogenous stem/progenitor cells that are selflining the central canal of the spinal cord of adult rodents proliferate in response to several types of trauma renewing and multipotent, capable of generating both neurons and glia. Stem/progenitor cells have been iden- (4,14,17,25,29,30,42,44) or intrathecal administration of mitogenic growth factors (16,19). In lower vertebrates, tified in the adult rat and mouse spinal cord (14,15,17,24,(28)(29)(30)36,46,47).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adult Spinal Cord Stem/Progenitor Cells Transplanted as Neurospheres Preferentially Differentiate into Oligodendrocytes in the Adult Rat Spinal Cord

et al. 2008

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Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) capable of generating new neurons and glia reside in the adult mammalian spinal cord. Transplantation of NSPCs has therapeutic potential for spinal cord injury, although there is limited information on the ability of these cells to survive and differentiate in vivo. Neurospheres cultured from the periventricular region of the adult spinal cord contain NSPCs that are self-renewing and multipotent. We examined the survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of adult spinal cord NSPCs generated from green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic rats and transplanted into the intact spinal cord. The grafted GFP-expressing cells survived for at least 6 weeks in vivo and migrated from the injection site along the rostro-caudal axis of the spinal cord. Transplanted cells transiently proliferated following transplantation and approximately 17% of the GFP-positive cells were apoptotic at 1 day. Also, better survival was seen with NSPCs transplanted as neurospheres in comparison to NSPCs transplanted as dissociated cells. By 1 week posttransplantation, grafted cells primarily expressed an oligodendrocytic phenotype and only 2% differentiated into astrocytes. Approximately 75% versus 38% of the grafted cells differentiated into oligodendrocytes after transplantation into spinal white versus gray matter, respectively. This is the first report to examine the time course of cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis, and phenotypic differentiation of transplanted NSPSs in the spinal cord. This is also the first report to examine the differences between transplanted NSPCs grafted as neurospheres or dissociated cells, and to compare the differentiation potential after transplantation into spinal cord white versus gray matter.

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An electron microscopic analysis of abnormal ependymal cell proliferation and envelopment of sprouting axons following spinal cord transection in the rat

Cited by 53 publications

References 20 publications

Reaction of spinal cord central canal cells to cord transection and their contribution to cord regeneration

Reaction of spinal cord central canal cells to cord transection and their contribution to cord regeneration

Mechanism of stem cells in the central nervous system

Adult Spinal Cord Stem/Progenitor Cells Transplanted as Neurospheres Preferentially Differentiate into Oligodendrocytes in the Adult Rat Spinal Cord

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