An Elite Bronze Age Double-Horse Burial from Western Ukraine and the Chariot Package Dissemination

Two Bronze Age Miniature Wagon and Wheel Burials in Encs (North‐eastern Hungary)

“…Regarding the spread and appearance of spoked wheels around the northern and north‐eastern Carpathian Basin, the impact of the Füzesabony culture is a key factor, as emphasized by Makarowicz et al . (2022). According to Makarowicz et al .…”

“…According to Makarowicz et al . (2022, 12–13), the reason behind the early occurrence of innovations, such as horse harnesses and spoked wheels, in this territory and among these communities might be related to their reliance on long‐distance trade routes to secure access to prestigious and raw materials like metals and amber. In the case of Encs, the importance of trade and the widespread network of the community are supported by the high number of (non‐local) seashells (e.g.…”

“…The location where the first spoked wheels were invented is debated as this technology is known to have spread so rapidly among regions that the current dating methods are not capable of determining differences in so short a time span (Littauer and Crouwel 1996; Lindner 2020; Maran 2020; Grigoriev 2021; Metzner‐Nebelsick 2021; Makarowicz et al . 2022). Currently, the first spoked wheels are known from a few significant territories, such as the steppe zone around the southern part of the Urals, Anatolia, the Middle East, and the Carpathian Basin.…”

Early Chariots and Religion in South-East Europe and the Aegean During the Bronze Age: A Reappraisal of the Dupljaja Chariot in Context

“…Focusing on horse-tack, Maran (2020) and Makarowicz et al (2023) have argued that chariots emerged at the same time in the Carpathian Basin as in the Sintashta-Petrovka cultural complex (Figure 3A). Notably, the rod-shaped cheekpieces common to the Carpathian Basin (Figure 3B) are distinct from the disc-shaped early varieties of the Eurasian steppe, indicating coeval but distinct traditions (Maran, 2020: 509–10; Metzner-Nebelsick, 2021).…”

“…A fifteenth-century bc tomb at Husiatyn in Ukraine, immediately east of the Carpathian Mountains, included a double horse burial accompanied by rod-shaped cheekpieces of Carpathian Basin style (Makarowicz et al, 2023). A double horse burial just west of the Carpathians at Negrilești is dated by Bălășescu and colleagues (2018) to 1691–1408 cal bc (at 94% probability) or 1612–1492 cal bc (at 54.5% probability).…”