An Empirical Analysis of Homosexual/Heterosexual Male Earnings Differentials: Unmarried and Unequal?

Allegretto, Sylvia; Arthur, Michelle M.

doi:10.2307/2695994

Cited by 104 publications

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“…As shown in the first column of earlier studies that suggest that most of the gay earnings penalty is actually due to the marriage premium among heterosexual men (Allegretto and Arthur, 2001;Carpenter, 2004). The estimate of the marriage premium, which accrues only among heterosexuals, is about 18%, which is in line with previous estimates in cross-sectional data (e.g., Korenman and Neumark, 1991).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…In the only previous study that directly examines whether partnered gay men have higher earnings than otherwise comparable non-partnered gay men, Booth and Frank (2004) do not find a significant difference between the earnings of partnered and non-partnered homosexuals and bisexuals in a sample of British academics that includes both sexes. Studies using U.S. data suggest that men cohabiting with a same-sex partner have lower earnings than married men, while results for men in same-sex cohabiting couples versus men in different-sex cohabiting couples are mixed (Allegretto and Arthur, 2001;Clain and Leppel, 2001;Klawitter and Flatt, 1998). In addition, average household incomes are lower among same-sex male cohabiting couples than among married couples but higher than among opposite-sex cohabiting couples (Carpenter, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Interestingly, Carpenter does find that gay and bisexual men earn less than heterosexual men when not controlling for marital status. Similarly, Allegretto and Arthur (2001) and Carpenter (2004) both conclude that the marriage premium, not differences in returns to observable characteristics, is the main cause of the observed gap in household income between gays and heterosexuals, although neither study includes non-cohabiting gay men.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Is there a ‘marriage premium’ for gay men?

Zavodny

2007

Rev Econ Household

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in Is There a 'Marriage Premium' for Gay Men?Madeline Zavodny The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit company supported by Deutsche Post World Net. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its research networks, research support, and visitors and doctoral programs. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. D I S C U S S I O N P A P E R S E R I E SIZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. It is well-known that married men earn more than comparable single men, with typical estimates of the male marriage premium in the range of 10 to 20 percent. Some research also finds that cohabiting men earn more than men not living with a female partner. This study uses data from the General Social Survey and the National Health and Social Life Survey to examine whether a similar premium accrues to gay men who live with a male partner and whether cohabiting gay men have different observable characteristics than noncohabiting gay men. Controlling for observable characteristics, cohabiting gay men do not earn significantly more than other gay men or more than unmarried heterosexual men. Cohabiting heterosexual men also do not earn more than non-cohabiting heterosexual men.JEL Classification: J12, J16

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Is there a ‘marriage premium’ for gay men?

Zavodny

2007

Rev Econ Household

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“…Allegretto and Arthur (2001) analyze gay and heterosexual men's earnings on the basis of the PUMS 5% census data and observe a wage difference of -16% comparing gay and heterosexual married men, and a wage differential of -2% comparing gay and heterosexual unmarried men. 2 While the new findings on gay men's wages seem intuitive, the empirical evidence on lesbians' higher incomes in comparison to their heterosexual peers is astonishing.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual orientation discrimination in hiring

2003

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in ABSTRACTLittle research has been done to examine discrimination against gays and lesbians in the labor market. Badgett (1995) was the first to investigate labor market outcomes of gays and lesbians using a random data set. While her results suggested lower earnings for lesbians compared to heterosexual females, later studies indicated the contrary and indeed consistently documented an income premium for lesbian women. Considering the wage penalty we observe for most social minorities in the labor market (women, ethnic minorities), this result appears as striking. The apparently "privileged" labor market situation can be reconciled with the existence of labor market discrimination, however. Problems like sample selection and unobserved heterogeneity -in particular lesbians' violation of stereotypical female gender roles -might be responsible for their higher earnings.To investigate whether discrimination against lesbians actually does exist, a labor market experiment is conducted. Job applications of candidates, who are equivalent in their human capital but differ in their sexual orientation, are sent out in response to job advertisements. Furthermore, to test whether increased masculinity affects labor market outcomes, the applicants differ in their perceived gender identity.While results show a strong negative effect for lesbian orientation, gender identity does not have a significant overall impact on hiring chances.

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“…The discrimination markups are mainly due to the supply restrictions, meaning that less housing units are available outside ghettos to black households when they are discriminated against. 3 Further, if black homeowners spend more for renovation and repair than white households of similar characteristics, the average increase in the market value of black-owned housing units will be higher than that of 2 Recent studies on gentri…cation also employed this concept (see Brueckner and Rosenthal [11]; Kolko [35]). 3 An example of discrimination against racial minority is steering-black homebuyers are shown houses in systematically di¤erent neighborhoods than those shown to comparable white homebuyers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual Orientation and Neighborhood Quality: Do Same-Sex Couples Make Better Communities?

2007

SSRN Journal

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This study provides an initial empirical analysis on identifying the general relationship between housing values and the spatial distribution of same-sex couples across the U.S. The paper uses the 1990 and 2000 census 5% PublicUse Microdata Samples and introduces the gay index into the social-amenitybased hedonic housing models. The results show signi…cant correlation between the spatial concentration of same-sex couples and housing values; furthermore, housing values are higher in a city where the proportion of same-sex couples was higher a decade ago, suggesting that same-sex couples make better communities.JEL Classi…cations: A14; J15; R14; R31

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An Empirical Analysis of Homosexual/Heterosexual Male Earnings Differentials: Unmarried and Unequal?

Cited by 104 publications

References 0 publications

Is there a ‘marriage premium’ for gay men?

Is there a ‘marriage premium’ for gay men?

Sexual orientation discrimination in hiring

Sexual Orientation and Neighborhood Quality: Do Same-Sex Couples Make Better Communities?

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