An empirical analysis of source code metrics and smart contract resource consumption

Ajienka, Nemitari; Vangorp, Peter; Capiluppi, Andrea

doi:10.1002/smr.2267

Cited by 19 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Transaction fees in the Ethereum blockchain are called gas, which is the cost necessary to perform a transaction by miners. A transaction involving complex smart contract execution can have higher prices than an ordinary Ether transaction [104]. Miners can set the minimum gas price and decline to process a transaction if it does not meet their price threshold.…”

Section: Other Collective Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge Discovery in Cryptocurrency Transactions: A Survey

et al. 2021

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Cryptocurrencies gain trust in users by publicly disclosing the full creation and transaction history. In return, the transaction history faithfully records the whole spectrum of cryptocurrency user behaviors. This article analyzes and summarizes the existing research on knowledge discovery in the cryptocurrency transactions using data mining techniques. Specifically, we classify the existing research into three aspects, i.e., transaction tracings and blockchain address linking, the analyses of collective user behaviors, and the study of individual user behaviors. For each aspect, we present the problems, summarize the methodologies, and discuss major findings in the literature. Furthermore, an enumeration of transaction data parsing and visualization tools and services is also provided. Finally, we outline several gaps and trends for future investigation in this research area.

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Section: Other Collective Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge Discovery in Cryptocurrency Transactions: A Survey

et al. 2021

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“…They presented the most used and least used opcodes measures irrespective of their relationship with the increase in gas consumption. The study suggested that the association of gas consumption and the various opcodes and source code parameters should be determined.Ajienka et al 25 conducted an empirical analysis of the smart contract resources consumption and different source code metrics. Their results showed a significant correlation between object-oriented programming metrics and gas consumption.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas consumption analysis of Ethereum blockchain transactions

Khan

Sarwar

Awais

2021

Concurrency and Computation

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In Ethereum blockchain, whenever a transaction of smart contract is executed, transaction fee is charged in terms of Ethers. To calculate the transaction fee, a computational unit, gas is introduced in smart contracts. Gas consumption is calculated against the smart contract source code execution. The transaction initiator sets the gas price against per unit of gas and the total gas limit. If the gas limit is sufficient, the transaction will be mined otherwise it will be reverted. Smart contracts of Ethereum can be written in any high-level language such as Solidity, Vyper, Python, Java and so forth, but Solidity is massively used for smart contracts creation. In this article, we have examined the 5000 transactions of Solidity based smart contracts from Etherscan and performed statistical analysis on opcodes and source code parameters used in these transactions to identify gas costly patterns. Our statistical results (correlation and regression) analyze the relationship of Solidity parameters and opcodes with the gas consumption.Factors causing an increase or decrease in the gas consumption of smart contracts are highlighted in this article. The regression analysis showed that 87.8% of the variability in the response variable (gas consumption) is due to the parameters used in this analysis. Our results will help the smart contract developers to write the gas optimized smart contracts. The results can be beneficial for end users as they will have to pay gas price for less number of gas units.

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“…Transaction fees in the Ethereum blockchain are called gas, which is the cost necessary to perform a transaction by miners. A transaction involving complex smart contract execution can have higher prices than an ordinary Ether transaction [99]. Miners can set the minimum gas price and decline to process a transaction if it does not meet their price threshold.…”

Section: Other Collective Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge Discovery in Cryptocurrency Transactions: A Survey

Liu¹,

Jiang²,

Liu³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Cryptocurrencies gain trust in users by publicly disclosing the full creation and transaction history. In return, the transaction history faithfully records the whole spectrum of cryptocurrency user behaviors. This article analyzes and summarizes the existing research on knowledge discovery in the cryptocurrency transactions using data mining techniques. Specifically, we classify the existing research into three aspects, i.e., transaction tracings and blockchain address linking, the analyses of collective user behaviors, and the study of individual user behaviors. For each aspect, we present the problems, summarize the methodologies, and discuss major findings in the literature. Furthermore, an enumeration of transaction data parsing and visualization tools and services is also provided. Finally, we outline several future directions in this research area, such as the current rapid development of Decentralized Finance (De-Fi) and digital fiat money.

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An empirical analysis of source code metrics and smart contract resource consumption

Cited by 19 publications

References 64 publications

Knowledge Discovery in Cryptocurrency Transactions: A Survey

Knowledge Discovery in Cryptocurrency Transactions: A Survey

Gas consumption analysis of Ethereum blockchain transactions

Knowledge Discovery in Cryptocurrency Transactions: A Survey

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