An Empirical Analysis of Sustainable Energy Security for Energy Policy Recommendations

Abstract

This study presents a framework for assessing Pakistan’s sustainable energy security (SES) between 1991 and 2020 by estimating its composite index, termed “SESi”, and three sub-indices. The SES has three dimensions: economic, social, and environmental. A total of 26 indicators were chosen and normalized using the Z-score approach before being weighted using principal component analysis (PCA) or equal weighting. The findings associated with the indices point to a declining tendency between 1991 and 2020. The highest degree of sustainable energy security (SES) was reported in 1991, with the lowest levels recorded in 2004 and 2007. Between 1991 and 2020, 9% of SESi regressed. Economic dimensions regressed among the dimension indices between 1991 and 2004, followed by steady performance, while the other two dimensions, social and environmental, fell by 30% and 26%, respectively, during the study period. Further analysis indicates that the objectives of the policies implemented throughout the study period were only partially achieved due to the country’s heavy import dependence, energy expenditures, falling reserves and forest area, and inefficiencies in the power sector.

A Comprehensive Performance Evaluation of Chinese Energy Supply Chain under “Double-Carbon” Goals Based on AHP and Three-Stage DEA

“…Through the analysis of the relevant data indicators released by the National Energy Statistics Bureau, considering its meaning and collectability, the index data of "transmission line loop length" finally reflect the scope of dispatching construction. As for the transmission quality of energy resources, it is mainly delivered to users in the form of electric power or heat energy for use and most of them are electric power [50]. For the limitation of data, we selected the "(electric power) transmission arrival rate" index to reflect it [51].…”

“…14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 21 are electric power [50]. For the limitation of data, we selected the "(electric power) transmission arrival rate" index to reflect it [51].…”

“…The new energy supply chain focuses on the conversion and utilization of photovoltaic, hydro-energy, wind energy, etc. The use of clean raw materials can greatly increase the proportion of low-carbon raw materials in the energy supply and reduce the dependence on imported primary energy sources, such as coal and oil, which promotes the transformation to low-carbon options in the Chinese energy industry [48][49][50][51].…”

A Holistic Approach to Voltage Profile Improvement and Power Loss Mitigation through Distributed Generation Placement and Sizing

“…The distribution networks are often radial in design, for operational simplicity. Through an associated transmission network, power from centralized generating stations is sent to substations [1]. A substation supplies electrical power to the end consumers through a passive network [2].…”

The Dynamic Evolution of Global Energy Security and Geopolitical Games: 1995~2019

“…There are still substantial future opportunities to develop assessment methods and select relevant dimensions and indicators. When it comes to establishing assessment models for energy security, researchers have mostly relied on principal component analysis [ 39 , 54 , 55 ]. This means that new research methods for assessing energy security need to be constantly explored.…”