An empirical investigation of European airline business models: Classification and hybridisation

Airport business models and the COVID-19 pandemic: An exploration of the UK case study

“…The BM concept and types in the air transport industry were categorised diversely in the literature. Airlines have been mainly explored under the low-cost and full-service models while the concept and divergence of these models are in a constant exploration stage ( Urban et al, 2018 ; Vatankhah et al, 2019 ; Magdalina and Bouzaima, 2021 ). On the other hand, airports had been categorised and analysed according to diverse factors.…”

The impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the US airline market: Are current business models equipped for upcoming changes in the air transport sector?

“…This created the opportunity for new players to enter the market with different business model approaches, prominently, the low-cost model. Some of the characteristics of low-cost carriers (LCC) that distinguish them from the full-service network carriers (FSNC) have been the operation of point-to-point network instead of hub and spoke, uniformity of the fleet, greater labour productivity, higher seat density, increased aircraft utilization and unbundled fares with ancillary services offered for a fee ( Magdalina and Bouzaima, 2021 ). However, given the dynamic nature of the commercial air travel industry ( Mason et al, 2013 ), the classification of airline business models in these two categories does not appropriately describe the reality of the market and the airlines that compose it.…”

“…This idea brought up the concept of hybrid airlines, which could be placed along a spectrum between the FSNCs and LCCs models. Further delving into the hybrid business model concept, Magdalina and Bouzaima (2021) conducted a study of European airlines in which, through a clustering process, they defined four categories: FSNCs, LCCs and two hybrid in between. Bachwich and Wittman (2017) also refer to the phenomenon of LCCs adopting practices that bring them closer to the FSNCs and, in a study on the US market, describe how this led to the emergence of ultra-low-cost carriers (ULCC) with a distinct business model.…”

“…The COVID-19 crisis provides an opportunity to further study the impact of external shocks in the industry. The academic consensus is that it is an unprecedented crisis ( Gössling, 2020 , Magdalina and Bouzaima, 2021 , Scheiwiller and Zizka, 2021 ), which spurred research in different fields related to the industry ( Sun et al, 2021 ).…”

Business models transformation of Russian airlines: Influence of the coronavirus crisis

“…с другой стороны, авторы исследований стремятся определить конечный набор элементов и их количественные измерения, которые позволили бы создать комплексный шаблон отраслевой бизнес-модели авиакомпании [Daft, Albers, 2015;Jean, Lohmann, 2016;Bachwic, Wittman, 2017;Moir, Lohmann, 2018;Renold, Kuljanin, Kalić, 2019;Magdalina, Bouzaima, 2021]. Так, в [Urban et al, 2018] предпринята попытка адаптировать бизнес-модель а. остервальдера [Osterwalder et al, 2010] для отрасли авиаперевозок.…”