An empirical investigation of the determinants of CO2 emissions: evidence from Pakistan

Khan, Imran; Khan, Noor Zaman; Yaqub, Asim; Sabir, Muhammad

doi:10.1007/s11356-019-04342-8

Cited by 46 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…The findings indicated that trade openness did influence air pollution in Pakistan. Our results are consistent with prior studies of [10] in the case of Kenya and Khan et al [38] in the case of Pakistan. In the long run, trade openness enhanced environmental degradation in Pakistan.…”

Section: Ardl Long-term and Short-term Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

“…However, the magnitude of lnY 2 was lower than lnY, which indicated that awareness about environmental issues and reducing the income inequality are needed to address the environmental pressure in a beneficial manner. Our findings are aligned with previous findings which also confirmed a bell-shaped relationship between economic growth and pollution [38,40]. The rising income level of people in Pakistan over the years created more demand and preference for cleaner environment.…”

Section: Results Of Fmols and Dynamic Ols (Dols) And Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Pata [37] investigated the positive effect of economic growth, financial development, urbanization, and trade openness on pollution in Turkey, and he also confirmed an inverted U-shaped nexus between economic development and environmental degradation. The environmental Kuznets curve was also tested in a recent study by Khan et al [38] who confirmed the bell-shaped relationship between income and pollution in Pakistan. In previous studies, the relationship between economic growth and CO 2 emissions was also augmented by several other indicators such as energy consumption, transportation, tourism, financial investment, trade openness, energy mix, heath expenditure, and industrialization [39].…”

Section: Single-country Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This allows calculating the elasticities of our regressors with respect to CO 2 emissions which are easy to interpret. Moreover, a logarithmic transformation could be used for data smoothing and normalization [38]. Following the study of Khan et al [38], the log form is given as follows:…”

Section: Model Constructionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, we applied the ARDL approach to ensure reliable and accurate results of the EKC hypothesis because of the following beneficial properties which cointegration approaches fail to address [19,30,38]:…”

Section: Ardl Model With Structural Breakmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Testing Non-Linear Nexus between Service Sector and CO2 Emissions in Pakistan

et al. 2020

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Our pioneer study is aimed at investigating the role of the service sector in affecting sustainable environment in Pakistan. Using time series data over 1971–2014 and applying an autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) model with structural break analysis, we establish a long-term equilibrium relationship of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions with energy consumption, income level, services and trade openness. Our findings support a service-induced environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in Pakistan. The income level sharply raises environmental degradation at the early stage; however, after reaching a certain threshold, it improves environmental quality but at a lower rate. There exists an inverted U-shaped nexus between services and CO2 emissions, which implies that the service sector is less energy-intensive in terms of mitigating pollution in Pakistan. Moreover, the energy consumption has an inverted U-shaped effect on carbon emissions, which implies energy efficiencies and adoption of renewable energy has reduced pollution in the long run. The trade openness increases CO2 emissions in both the short term and long term. The quadratic term of income level has a negatively inelastic impact on CO2 emissions, which implies a very slow rate of improvement in environmental quality. On the other hand, the quadratic term of services shows a highly elastic impact on pollution, which induces the EKC hypothesis. Our robustness checks such as fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), dynamic ordinary least squares (OLS), and Toda and Yamamoto (TY) causality tests further confirm the existence of the service-induced EKC hypothesis in Pakistan. Moreover, there exists a unidirectional causality from energy consumption to CO2 emissions, a bidirectional causal relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions, and a unidirectional causal linkage between services and CO2 emissions. Lastly, we discuss certain policy implications for designing appropriate environmental and energy policies to mitigate the pollution in Pakistan.

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Section: Ardl Long-term and Short-term Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Results Of Fmols and Dynamic Ols (Dols) And Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Single-country Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Model Constructionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ardl Model With Structural Breakmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Testing Non-Linear Nexus between Service Sector and CO2 Emissions in Pakistan

et al. 2020

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A Preliminary Assessment of Global CO₂: Spatial Patterns, Temporal Trends, and Policy Implications

EI Kenawy,

Al‐Awadhi,

Abdullah

et al. 2023

Global Challenges

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This study offers a comprehensive analysis of the distribution, evolution, and driving factors of CO2 emissions from 1990 to 2016 at multiple spatial scales. Utilizing 26 indicators encompassing various facets of CO2 emissions, it is employed principal component analysis (PCA) and empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) to identify the dominant characteristics of global CO2 emissions. This model retained three core components, accounting for 93% of the global CO2 variation, reflecting emission trajectories and associated economic metrics, such as Gross domestic product (GDP). The analysis differentiated the effects of these components based on countries' economic standings. Using a novel aggregated index, significant national contributors to global CO2 emissions are pinpointed. Notably, the leading contributors are found among developed nations (e.g., the United States, Canada, Japan), Gulf states (e.g., Saudi Arabia, Qatar), and emerging economies (e.g., China, Brazil, Mexico). Furthermore, these results highlight that shifts in global CO2 emissions over the past 30 years are predominantly influenced by factors like industrial emissions and GDP. Results also demonstrate a distinct relationship between a country's CO2 emissions and its physical and socioeconomic factors. Specifically, the nation's coastline length, population density in coastal regions, and the diversity of its climatic conditions significantly influence its carbon footprint.

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Urban and rural contribution to the GHG emissions in the MECA countries

Ghanbari

Daneshvar²

2020

Environ Dev Sustain

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An empirical investigation of the determinants of CO2 emissions: evidence from Pakistan

Cited by 46 publications

References 70 publications

Testing Non-Linear Nexus between Service Sector and CO2 Emissions in Pakistan

Testing Non-Linear Nexus between Service Sector and CO2 Emissions in Pakistan

A Preliminary Assessment of Global CO₂: Spatial Patterns, Temporal Trends, and Policy Implications

Urban and rural contribution to the GHG emissions in the MECA countries

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An empirical investigation of the determinants of CO2 emissions: evidence from Pakistan

Cited by 46 publications

References 70 publications

Testing Non-Linear Nexus between Service Sector and CO2 Emissions in Pakistan

Testing Non-Linear Nexus between Service Sector and CO2 Emissions in Pakistan

A Preliminary Assessment of Global CO2: Spatial Patterns, Temporal Trends, and Policy Implications

Urban and rural contribution to the GHG emissions in the MECA countries

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

A Preliminary Assessment of Global CO₂: Spatial Patterns, Temporal Trends, and Policy Implications