An Empirical Study Into the Success of Listed Smart Contracts in Ethereum

Hartel, Pieter H.; Homoliak, Ivan; Reijsbergen, Daniël

doi:10.1109/access.2019.2957284

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(82 reference statements)

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“…To validate our blockchain solution for decentralized VPP construction and management we have implemented a proof of concept prototype using Ethereum [44]. The smart contracts have been implemented in Solidity and Ether (i.e.…”

Section: Results and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain-Based Decentralized Virtual Power Plants of Small Prosumers

et al. 2021

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The deployment of small-scale renewable energy sources will transform the management of energy grids towards more decentralized solutions in which the prosumers will have a more active role. Regulatory and market barriers are driving the implementation of virtual aggregation models in which the small-scale prosumers work together on a larger scale to gain benefits that could not be obtained on an individual basis. In this paper, we propose to use public blockchain and self-enforcing smart contracts to construct Virtual Power Plants (VPPs) of prosumers to provide energy services. A model has been defined for capturing the prosumer level constraints in terms of available energy profiles and energy service requirements enabling their optimal aggregation in hierarchical structures. A lightweight decentralized solution for VPPs construction is implemented using smart contracts enabling its efficient running on the public blockchain. Smart contracts are encoding the model constraints and are defining functionalities for prosumers to initiate or join a VPP implementing the complete chain of Offer-Operate-Measure-Remunerate actions. The VPP will be managed on top of a distributed ledger technology offering decentralized functionality for tracking and validating the delivery of energy based on the blockchain transactions and for energy and financial settlement, the remuneration being done according to the amount of energy provided by individual prosumers. Experimental results show that the proposed solution runs successfully on the public blockchain with good execution time and can address Balancing Responsible Party requests for additional generation. The overhead in terms of gas consumption and transactional throughput stays within reasonable boundaries.

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Section: Results and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain-Based Decentralized Virtual Power Plants of Small Prosumers

et al. 2021

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“…Hartel and van Staalduinen (2019) provided a minimal testing environment for the automated replay, visualization and analysis of the historical data of verified smart contracts. In this environment, they developed a tool (ContractVis) to generate a replay script for the historic transactions of a smart contract and execute transactions with the same arguments as those recorded on the blockchain.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

GethReplayer: a smart contract testing method based on transaction replay

Shi,

Wang,

Zhong

et al. 2024

IJWIS

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Purpose Smart contracts are written in high-level programming languages, compiled into Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) bytecode, deployed onto blockchain systems and called with the corresponding address by transactions. The deployed smart contracts are immutable, even if there are bugs or vulnerabilities. Therefore, it is critical to verify smart contracts before deployment. This paper aims to help developers effectively and efficiently locate potential defects in smart contracts. Design/methodology/approach GethReplayer, a smart contract testing method based on transaction replay, is proposed. It constructs a parallel transaction execution environment with two virtual machines to compare the execution results. It uses the real existing transaction data on Ethereum and the source code of the tested smart contacts as inputs, conditionally substitutes the bytecode of the tested smart contract input into the testing EVM, and then monitors the environmental information to check the correctness of the contract. Findings Experiments verified that the proposed method is effective in smart contract testing. Virtual environmental information has a significant effect on the success of transaction replay, which is the basis for the performance of the method. The efficiency of error locating was approximately 14 times faster with the proposed method than without. In addition, the proposed method supports gas consumption analysis. Originality/value This paper addresses the difficulty that developers encounter in testing smart contracts before deployment and focuses on helping develop smart contracts with as few defects as possible. GethReplayer is expected to be an alternative solution for smart contract testing and provide inspiration for further research.

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“…Clone detection was also performed after transferring the code into an abstract form such as strings [37], tokens [38], and abstract syntax trees (AST) [39]. An efficient heuristic technique basing on edit distance and AST for pair-wise comparison of smart contract byte codes was proposed in [40]. Techniques such as line comparison based on dot plots [41], comparing whole files [42], pattern recognition of code characteristics through clustering [43], finding clones within a syntactic unit through post-processing [38], and pre-processing [44] are also used for clone detection.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

CoinWatch: A Clone-Based Approach For Detecting Vulnerabilities in Cryptocurrencies

Hum

Tan

Tey

et al. 2020

2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain)

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Cryptocurrencies have become very popular in recent years. Thousands of new cryptocurrencies have emerged, proposing new and novel techniques that improve on Bitcoin's core innovation of the blockchain data structure and consensus mechanism. However, cryptocurrencies are a major target for cyber-attacks, as they can be sold on exchanges anonymously and most cryptocurrencies have their codebases publicly available. One particular issue is the prevalence of code clones in cryptocurrencies, which may amplify security threats. If a vulnerability is found in one cryptocurrency, it might be propagated into other cloned cryptocurrencies. In this work, we propose a systematic remedy to this problem, and we propose COINWATCH (CW). Given a reported vulnerability at the input, CW uses the code evolution analysis and a clone detection technique for indication of cryptocurrencies that might be vulnerable. We applied CW on 1094 cryptocurrencies using 4 CVEs and obtained 786 true vulnerabilities present in 384 projects, which were confirmed with developers and successfully reported as CVE extensions.

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An Empirical Study Into the Success of Listed Smart Contracts in Ethereum

Cited by 12 publications

References 28 publications

Blockchain-Based Decentralized Virtual Power Plants of Small Prosumers

Blockchain-Based Decentralized Virtual Power Plants of Small Prosumers

GethReplayer: a smart contract testing method based on transaction replay

CoinWatch: A Clone-Based Approach For Detecting Vulnerabilities in Cryptocurrencies

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