An Empirical Study of Wind Factor in Lake Mendota1

Haines, Donald A.; Bryson, Reid A.

doi:10.4319/lo.1961.6.3.0356

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Similar discontinuities in the wind speedcurrent speed relationship have recently been reported by George &Edwards (1976) andSmith (1979). These results all support the findings of Haines & Bryson (1961) on Lake Mendota who suggest that the sudden change in the wind-water interaction corresponds to an abrupt transition from a hydrodynamically smooth to a hydrodynamically rough water surface. Haines & Bryson tentatively suggest a non-linear relationship between current and wind at high wind speeds.…”

Section: The Relationship Between Current Speed and Wind Speedsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Wind‐induced water movements in the South Basin of Windermere

George

1981

Freshwater Biology

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The results of direct current measurements in the South Basin of Windermere are presented and related to wind history and horizontal variations in near-surface water temperature. Currents were measured by Lagrangian methods using drift-bottles and depth-specific drogues. Except when sudden calms followed strong winds, internal seiche movements had little effect on horizontal transport in the epilimnion. The most important factor governing mass water movement was direct wind forcing. Variations in wind speed accounted for 93% of the variation in near-surface current speed.For wind speeds between 100 and 500 cm s"' the wind factor (current speed/wind speed) decreased linearly with wind speed. At wind speeds above 500 cm s"' the wind factor remained relatively constant around 1 %.Coriolis effects deflected near-surface currents 4-38° to the right of the wind. The degree of deflection was strongly correlated with the relative depth DF.ID^ (where DE was the depth of the epilimnion and D* the depth of frictional resistance). The influence of the Coriolis force aiso produced pronounced rotations, with depth, of the wind-driven current. The circulation pattern within the epiiimnion was broadly that of a distorted conveyor belt moving at some angle to the wind axis. The strength of the transverse circulation was greatest at low wind speeds with a deep thermocline.Richardson-number calculations suggest that the thermocline generally acts as a low-friction boundary between a turbulent epilimnion and a relatively quiescent hypolimnion. Horizontal variations in water temperature, although ranging from only 0.2 to 1.0°C per km. served as a good indirect 'tracer" of the circulation pattern.

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Section: The Relationship Between Current Speed and Wind Speedsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…As early as 1909, however, the observations of Witting in Lake Ladoga showed a decrease in the wind factor with increasing wind speed. The more recent observations of Haines & Bryson (1961). George & Edwards (1976) and Smith (1979) current speed-wind speed relationship at winds between 500 and 600 cm s'.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Wind‐induced water movements in the South Basin of Windermere

George

1981

Freshwater Biology

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“…The value of 3% lies within the range of observations (2.3Á 3.2%) that have been reported previously (Rossby & Montgomery 1935;Haines & Bryson 1961). We also forced the model with 7% wind speeds, as tracer distributions from the Arctic suggest residence times for the surface layer that imply considerably higher transport velocities (Guay et al 2001;Bauch et al 2003;Bauch et al 2005), possibly stimulated by the anomalously strong and pronounced pycnocline in the Arctic, which permits a fast-moving surface layer to ''slide'' over a decoupled subpycnocline layer, as proposed by Guay et al (2001).…”

Section: Database and Methodssupporting

confidence: 66%

Atmospheric controlled freshwater release at the Laptev Sea continental margin

et al. 2010

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Considerable interannual differences were observed in river water and sea-ice meltwater inventory values derived from δ18O and salinity data in the Eurasian Basin along the continental margin of the Laptev Sea in the summers of 1993 and 1995, and in the summers of 2005 and 2006 during Nansen and Amundsen Basins Observational system (NABOS) expeditions. The annually different pattern in river and sea-ice meltwater inventories remain closely linked for all of the years studied, which indicates that source regions and transport mechanisms for both river water and sea-ice formation are largely similar over the relatively shallow Laptev Sea Shelf. A simple Ekman trajectory model for surface Lagrangian particles based solely on wind forcing can explain the main features observed between years with significantly different wind patterns and vorticities, and can also explain differences in river water distributions observed for years with a generally similar offshore wind setting. An index based on this simplified trajectory model is rather similar to the vorticity index, but reflects the hydrology on the shelf better for distinctive years. This index is not correlated with the Arctic Oscillation, but rather with a local mode of oscillation, which controls the outflow and distribution of the Eurasian Basin major freshwater source on an annual timescale

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“…The measured wind speeds during the 1981 mixing event were, on average, 4-6 m s -1 . This wind intensity is not particularly high but as has been ascertained already in other lakes of various dimensions and morphology (Haines & Bryson 1961;Smith 1979;George 1981), it is of the order of magnitude required to trigger strong currents. In fact, stronger winds dissipate part of their energy in generating ripples, waves, and breakers at the cost of the drifting motion.…”

Section: Conveyor Belt Circulationmentioning

confidence: 66%