An Empirical Study to Evaluate the Accessibility of Arabic Websites by Low Vision Users

Akram, Muhammad; Sulaiman, Rosnafisah

doi:10.1109/icimu49871.2020.9243565

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Similar legislation can be found in other parts of the world, for example, United States [7], New Zeeland [8], and Australia [9]. There is a large body of knowledge showing that web pages and web services most often do not comply with WCAG [10][11][12][13][14]. People with impairments report difficulties in using general functions on the internet, such as navigation, passwords, and services, compared with the general population [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Development and Evaluation of eHealth Services Regarding Accessibility: Scoping Literature Review

Jonsson,

Johansson,

Hussain

et al. 2023

J Med Internet Res

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Background Accessibility is acknowledged as a key to inclusion in the Convention of Rights for People with Disabilities. An inaccessible design can result in exclusion from eHealth and cause disability among people who have impairments. Objective This scoping literature review aimed to investigate how eHealth services have been developed and evaluated regarding accessibility for people with impairments. Methods In line with Arksey and O’Malley’s framework for scoping studies and using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), we conducted a search in 4 databases (PubMed, Scopus, IEEE, and Web of Science) in October 2020 and an update of the search in June 2022. The search strategy was structured according to the PICO model as follows: Population/Problem, digital accessibility for users with impairment; Intervention, health care delivered by any digital solution; Comparison, not applicable; Outcome, use of and adherence to (1) Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), (2) other accessibility guidelines, and (3) other means, for designing or evaluating accessibility in eHealth services. A Boolean search was conducted by combining terms related to accessibility and eHealth. All authors participated in screening abstracts according to the eligibility criteria. Each publication, containing a potentially relevant abstract, was read (full text) and assessed for eligibility by 2 authors independently and pairwise. Publications deemed eligible were read by all authors and discussed for consensus. Results A total of 8643 publications were identified. After abstract screening, 131 publications remained for full-text reading. Of those, 116 publications were excluded as they did not meet the eligibility criteria. Fifteen publications involving studies of 12 eHealth services were included in the study. Of the 15 publications, 2 provided a definition of accessibility, 5 provided an explanation of accessibility, and 8 did not provide any explanation. Five publications used the WCAG to evaluate accessibility when developing eHealth services. One publication used International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 29138, ISO 2941, and ISO/International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 30071-1 standards together with the Spanish Association for Standardization (UNE) 139803 standard. Eleven publications used other means to address accessibility, including text-level grading; literature review about accessibility; user tests, focus groups, interviews, and design workshops with target groups of patients, relatives, and health care professionals; and comparative analysis of existing technical solutions to provide information about useful requirements. Conclusions Although a clear definition of accessibility can enhance operationalization and thus measurability when evaluating accessibility in eHealth services, accessibility was insufficiently defined in most of the included studies. Further, accessibility guidelines and standards were used to a very limited extent in the development and evaluation of eHealth services. Guidelines for developing complex interventions that include guidance for accessibility are motivated to ensure that accessibility will be considered systematically in eHealth services.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Development and Evaluation of eHealth Services Regarding Accessibility: Scoping Literature Review

Jonsson,

Johansson,

Hussain

et al. 2023

J Med Internet Res

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“…Numerous studies have been conducted selected websites were evaluated according to defined accessibility recommendations. The authors of the paper [1] presented an empirical analysis of five selected government websites. A group of 25 visually impaired individuals was involved in the study.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Analysis of the Implementation of Accessibility Tools on Websites

Cieśla,

Dzieńkowski

2023

IAPGOS

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The websites of higher education institutions, due to the fact that they are addressed to multiple stakeholder groups, not only need to have an appropriately designed information structure but must also be useful. Additionally, in the case of public universities, their services are expected to be accessible to the widest possible audience, especially for people with disabilities. The accessibility tools used on websites should be quickly located, easily identifiable and user-friendly. So far, no standards have been developed regarding these issues, and therefore, there are various solutions on the web. The objective of this study is to analyze various implementations of accessibility tools on university websites in terms of their location, form of presentation and ways that enable access to them. A study was conducted in which web interfaces were evaluated with the participation of users. The experiment consisted of two parts: the first one used the eye tracking technique, whereas in the second one, a survey was conducted. The research material was prototypes of websites from four different universities. Each website had two versions differing in implementation of accessibility tools. In the study, 35 participants were divided into two groups of people. Each group was shown one of the two sets of website prototypes and the users were tasked with finding and activating a specific accessibility tool. After exploring the websites, each participant completed a questionnaire that pertained to their opinions regarding aspects such as appearance, placement and a way to access tools dedicated to people with disabilities. The obtained data, processed to the form of heatmaps and fixation maps, were subjected to a qualitative analysis. The survey results and eye tracking data were analyzed quantitatively. On the basis of performed analyzes it can be concluded that the following factors have an impact on the reduction in efficiency and productivity of users: placement of accessibility tools on university websites in a place other than the upper right corner, an indirect access to these tools or their non-standard appearance.

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“…A36 An Empirical Study to Evaluate the Accessibility of Arabic Websites by Low VisionUsers(Akram and Bt Sulaiman, 2020) A37 Accessibility of mobile applications: Evaluation by users with visual impairment and by automated tools(Mateus et al, 2020) A38 The Current Status of Accessibility in Mobile Apps(Yan and Ramachandran, 2019) …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Mapping of Accessibility Problems Encountered on Websites and Mobile Apps: A Comparison Between Automated Tests, Manual Inspections and User Evaluations

Mateus

Silva

Oliveira

et al. 2021

JIS

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The use of websites and mobile applications has become essential for numerous daily activities. However, not everyone can have full access to such services and content due to many websites and applications being inaccessible to people with disabilities, such as people with vision impairments. In this context, even though developers may demonstrate an effort to create more accessible content, there is limited information about the characteristics of different accessibility assessment methods applied to websites and mobile applications. Thus, the present study aimed to perform a meta-analysis of 38 types of accessibility problems on websites and mobile applications extracted from 38 studies in the literature from an initial search of 304 articles. Studies carried out automated assessments using tools, expert-based inspections and user testing involving disabled people. The results confirm other considerations made in the literature, showing that automated evaluation methods have significant limitations on an adequate coverage of accessibility problems, covering less than 40% of the types of problems found on websites and less than 20% on mobile apps. A significant percentage of problems both on mobile and web platforms were only encountered by studies involving users. Expert inspection showed a higher coverage of problems encountered by users, both on mobile apps and on websites, despite not covering all of them. Thus, the article concludes by showing a consolidation of literature data to reinforce that effective accessibility evaluations of web and mobile applications should count in expert-based inspections and user tests involving people with disabilities.

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An Empirical Study to Evaluate the Accessibility of Arabic Websites by Low Vision Users

Cited by 6 publications

References 14 publications

Development and Evaluation of eHealth Services Regarding Accessibility: Scoping Literature Review

Development and Evaluation of eHealth Services Regarding Accessibility: Scoping Literature Review

An Analysis of the Implementation of Accessibility Tools on Websites

A Systematic Mapping of Accessibility Problems Encountered on Websites and Mobile Apps: A Comparison Between Automated Tests, Manual Inspections and User Evaluations

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