An energetic basis of equine performance

McMIKEN, D.

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01734.x

Cited by 49 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Physical performance results from the conversion of chemical in mechanical energy into the muscle cells [19]. The knowledge of the metabolic pathways during a threeday event is of vital importance, information which can be used as an aid in the planning of training schedules for this competition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sci. 61(1): [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] 1999 pattern of fibre recruitment, muscle fibre composition and contractil and metabolic properties of the muscular fibres [20,25,38]. Even the high velocity exercises performed by Thoroughbred racehorses have a marked dependence on aerobic metabolism, since a high oxygen uptake and an increased red cell volume have been reported [8,25,38].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Cardiovascular and Metabolic Adaptations in Horses Competing in Cross-Country Events.

Muñoz¹,

Riber²,

Santisteban³

et al. 1999

J. Vet. Med. Sci.

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ABSTRACT. The cardiovascular and metabolic response to two cross-country events (CC*: preliminary level and CC*** advanced level) were analysed in 8 male eventing horses (4 Anglo-Hunter and 4 Anglo-Arabian). This study focused on the establishment of the main metabolic pathways involved in the muscle energy resynthesis during the competitions. Heart rate (HR) was recorded throughout the CC events. Jugular venous blood samples were withdrawn before the warm-up period, immediately after the competitions and at 5 and 10 min in the recuperation period. The following haematological parameters were studied: red blood cells (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), white blood cells (WBC), and number and percentages of lymphocytes (LYM) and granulocytes and monocytes (GRAN). One fraction of blood was centrifuged and, in plasma, lactate (LA), total plasma protein (TPP) and the rate of LA disappearance were determined. The competitions induced significant increases in RBC, Hb, PCV, MCV and TPP. Plasma LA response exceeded the anaerobic threshold of 4 mmol/l, reaching a maximum level of 13.3 mmol/l. HR ranged from 140 to more than 200 bpm, peaking at 230 bpm, revealing a limitation in the oxygen supply to the working muscles. It was concluded that muscle energy resynthesis during a CC event is provided both through oxidative processes and glycolysis with LA formation. Therefore, both stamina and power exercises are required for eventing horses.-KEY WORDS: equine (eventing horse), haematology, heart rate, lactate.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 61(1): [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] 1999 pattern of fibre recruitment, muscle fibre composition and contractil and metabolic properties of the muscular fibres [20,25,38]. Even the high velocity exercises performed by Thoroughbred racehorses have a marked dependence on aerobic metabolism, since a high oxygen uptake and an increased red cell volume have been reported [8,25,38]. However, an important glycolytic capacity is also required during maximal exercise bouts or sprints, as high levels of blood lactate, glycerol, ammonia, hypoxantine, uric acid and allantoin have been found after racing [28,29,34]. Similarly, high muscle concentrations of lactate, hexoses monophosphate, glycerol-3-P and inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) have been also presented [9,12,30,34]. Therefore, the success of an equine athlete is linked to the relationship between oxidative and glycolytic capacities. Certain cardiovascular and haematological adaptations are necessary to guarantee a correct oxygen and blood-borne substrates supply to active muscles during exercise and a release of metabolites. These systems could act as limiting factors to the aerobic potential and thereby, could limit the physical performance [15,22,26,32].The metabolic response to two cross-country competitions was assessed in eventing horses, in order to evaluate the different metabolic pathways involved in...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular and Metabolic Adaptations in Horses Competing in Cross-Country Events.

Muñoz¹,

Riber²,

Santisteban³

et al. 1999

J. Vet. Med. Sci.

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“…These investigators demonstrated higher plasma LA in faster and better performer horses in distances lesser than 2 000 m. Similarly, in a study in Standardbred trotters with a wide range of racing abilities, blood LA was greater in superior performing horses after races of 2 100 m (Räsänen et al 1995). McMiken (1983) suggested that energy production is predominantly anaerobic for the first 40 to 50 sec (approximate distance of 650 to 800 m for a Thoroughbred), after which time the importance of aerobic energy supplies increase susbstancially. The Andalusian horses of our study covered a total distance near of 5 000 m, and as they depended in a great extent of aerobic metabolism, and hence the inverse relationship between PLA and working capacity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Slope of the Plasma Lactate Accumulation Curve and Working Capacity in Andalusian Horses

Muñoz¹,

Santisteban²,

Rubio³

et al. 1999

Acta Vet. Brno

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The main objective of this study was to analyse the relationship between the slope of the plasma lactate accumulation in response to exercise and working capacity in two groups of Andalusian horses of different age.The horses were subjected to increasing intensity tests, comprising both submaximal and maximal velocities. Heart rate was monitored throughout the exercise and jugular venous blood samples were withdrawn at rest, after each workload and during the first 30 min. of recuperation. Working capacity was assessed by means of these functional indices: HRmax (maximum mean heart rate during exercise), Vmax (maximum velocity), STEPmax (maximum number of workload completed), VLA2 (aerobic threshold), VLA4 (anaerobic threshold), PLA (lactate peak), pHmin (minimum pH) and PCVmax (maximum packed cell volume).HRmax, pHmin, VLA2, VLA4, STEPmax and Vmax were positively correlated with working capacity, whereas PLA and PCVmax were negatively correlated with working capacity. The slope of the plasma lactate accumulation curve were inversely related to VLA2, VLA4, Vmax, STEPmax and pHmin and positively related to HRmax and PCVmax. Besides, the plasma lactate slope was higher in the youngest Andalusian horses.These results indicated that the slope of the plasma lactate concentrations after several exercise intensities might be considered as a marker of aerobic potential, providing useful information about fitness and training degrees in the Andalusian horse. Exercise, fitness, heart rate, packed cell volumePhysical exercise requires a balance between production and consumption of energy within working muscles. It has been postulated that there is a critical intensity or threshold above which the cardiovascular, respiratory and/or muscular responses are of insufficient magnitude to supply energy through aerobic pathways. As a consequence, anaerobic pathways become predominant, and large amounts of lactate (LA) are produced. LA is considered to be a small and easily diffusable anion, and it may be translocated rapidly between the water compartments of the body. Muscle LA produced during exercise can be utilised by the active muscles, exported via the blood to other organs, principally liver and heart, or taken up by other muscles with adequate oxygen supply and utilised as a source of fuel (Brooks 1986;Marlin et al. 1987).Three different models of plasma LA accumulation have been proposed. The single breakaway point is the classical model of aerobic-anaerobic transition. M a r g a r i a et al. (1933) established that lactic acid was formed and plasma LA accumulated during times of local muscle hypoxia, such as the onset of exercise and during times of oxygen deficit.

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“…It was concluded that inclining the treadmill at a 3.5% slope minimized the differences of the physiological response between track and treadmill conditions; however, locomotion on the treadmill remained different. (Leach and Dagg, 1983;McMiken, 1983;Persson, 1983;Dalin and Jeffcott, 1985; Thornton, 1985). To obtain a comprehensive picture of the interrelationships between variables from different body systems, classical statistical procedures are insufficient to synthesize all the information obtained during a standard exercise test.…”

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Comparison of track and treadmill exercise tests in saddle horses: a preliminary report

Valette¹,

Barrey²,

Auvinet³

et al. 1992

Ann. Zootech.

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Summary — Several exercise test procedures were compared by measuring cardiovascular, metabolic and locomotor system variables. Six Anglo-arabians and one French saddle horse were tested on the track and on a high-speed treadmill with different slopes (0, 3.5 and 6.3%). Venous blood lactate, heart rate and stride length and frequency were measured at each step of an exercise test consisting of a 10-min warm-up period followed by five 3-min steps at increasing speed: 250, 450, 500, 550 and 600 m/min respectively. Current exercise-related parameters which describe aerobic and anaerobic capacity and cardiovascular and locomotor system responses were studied using the relationships between these measurements and velocity. Results were analyzed by a multivariate procedure: discriminant analysis. It was possible to compare the exercise response of horses during these 4 exercise tests by considering all the data obtained. It was concluded that inclining the treadmill at a 3.5% slope minimized the differences of the physiological response between track and treadmill conditions; however, locomotion on the treadmill remained different.

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An energetic basis of equine performance

Cited by 49 publications

References 35 publications

Cardiovascular and Metabolic Adaptations in Horses Competing in Cross-Country Events.

Cardiovascular and Metabolic Adaptations in Horses Competing in Cross-Country Events.

Relationship between Slope of the Plasma Lactate Accumulation Curve and Working Capacity in Andalusian Horses

Comparison of track and treadmill exercise tests in saddle horses: a preliminary report

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