An energy-based model to predict wear in nanocrystalline diamond atomic force microscopy tips

Agrawal, Ravi; Moldovan, N.; Espinosa, Horacio D.

doi:10.1063/1.3223316

Cited by 33 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…7a, with tips and cantilevers are all made from BD-UNCD using a molding technique that involves forming the tip by depositing the diamond onto Si wafers with V-groove pits etched into them, then dissolving the Si. [48][49] Since the grain size for BD-UNCD is smaller than other types of boron doped diamond, BD-UNCD is able to fill the tip molds very accurately and continuously, and the curvature of the released cantilevers of the probes can be close to zero due to precise stress control during the BD-UNCD deposition. The resulting probesÕ typical tip radii can be as small as 20-50 nm (Fig.…”

Section: Robust Wear-resistant Conductive Afm Probesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Boron-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond synthesized with an H-rich/Ar-lean gas system

Zeng

Konicek

Moldovan

et al. 2015

Carbon

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This paper reports the recent development and applications of conductive borondoped ultrananocrystalline diamond (BD-UNCD). The authors have determined that BD-UNCD can be synthesized with an H-rich gaseous chemistry and a high CH 4 /H 2 ratio, which is opposite to previously reported methods with Ar-rich or H-rich gas compositions but utilizing very low CH 4 /H 2 ratio. The BD-UNCD has a resistivity as low as 0.01 ohm·cm, with low roughness (down to several nm) and a wide deposition temperature range (450-850¼C).The properties of this BD-UNCD were studied systematically using resistivity characterization, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and roughness measurements. Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy confirms that up to 97% of the UNCD is deposited as sp3 carbon.These series of measurements also reveal additional unique properties for this material, such as an ÒMÓ shape Raman signature, line-granular nano-cluster texture and high C-H bond surface content. A hypothesis is provided to explain why this new deposition strategy, with H-rich/Ar-free gas chemistry and CH 4 /H 2 ratio, is able to produce high sp3-content and/or 2 heavily doped UNCD. In addition, a few emerging applications for BD-UNCD in the field of atomic force microscopy, electrochemistry and biosensing are reviewed here.

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Section: Robust Wear-resistant Conductive Afm Probesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Boron-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond synthesized with an H-rich/Ar-lean gas system

Zeng

Konicek

Moldovan

et al. 2015

Carbon

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“…Inspired by (i) our recent study (19) that revealed the critical importance of the junction shear strength (τ ) on debris particle formation and (ii) macroscopic laboratory observations of a linear correlation between the tangential work and wear volume (7,25,27,28), we examined the relationship between tangential work and the volume of resultant debris particles. Remarkably, we found that, at the debris level, these two quantities are related with a proportionality constant of 1/τ across the wide range of simulations performed in this work (Fig.…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

On the debris-level origins of adhesive wear

Aghababaei

Warner

Molinari

2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Every contacting surface inevitably experiences wear. Predicting the exact amount of material loss due to wear relies on empirical data and cannot be obtained from any physical model. Here, we analyze and quantify wear at the most fundamental level, i.e., wear debris particles. Our simulations show that the asperity junction size dictates the debris volume, revealing the origins of the long-standing hypothesized correlation between the wear volume and the real contact area. No correlation, however, is found between the debris volume and the normal applied force at the debris level. Alternatively, we show that the junction size controls the tangential force and sliding distance such that their product, i.e., the tangential work, is always proportional to the debris volume, with a proportionality constant of 1 over the junction shear strength. This study provides an estimation of the debris volume without any empirical factor, resulting in a wear coefficient of unity at the debris level. Discrepant microscopic and macroscopic wear observations and models are then contextualized on the basis of this understanding. This finding offers a way to characterize the wear volume in atomistic simulations and atomic force microscope wear experiments. It also provides a fundamental basis for predicting the wear coefficient for sliding rough contacts, given the statistics of junction clusters sizes.Archard's wear law | adhesive wear | friction | wear debris particle | nanotribology T he study of material loss at sliding surfaces, known as "wear," has over two centuries of history (1). Substantial progress occurred in the mid-1900s with a systematic series of wear experiments that showed, within a certain range of applied load, (i) the wear volume (i.e., total volume of wear debris) is independent of apparent area of contact (2, 3), (ii) the wear rate (i.e., wear volume per sliding distance) is linearly proportional to the macroscopic load acting normal to the interface, i.e., Archard's wear law (3, 4), and (iii) the wear volume is proportional to the frictional work (i.e., the product of frictional force and sliding distance), which was first hypothesized by Reye in 1860 (5) and intermittently discussed and observed experimentally (3,(5)(6)(7)(8). The first observation is commonly rationalized by arguing that the wear process is a direct result of contact between elevated surface asperities and is consequently associated with the real area of contact (2, 3). The second observation can then be understood by noting that the real area of contact is observed to be proportional to the macroscopic normal load (2, 9). The third observation follows from the first two if one assumes a wear volume proportional to sliding distance and a tangential force proportional to normal force (i.e., Amontons' first law of friction) (10).Despite the passage of more than 50 years, these wear relations remain fully empirical, and their microscopic origins are still unclear (11). Single-asperity wear simulations (12-14) and atomic force microscope (AFM...

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“…The atomic volume of silicon (vol atom ) is taken as 0.02 nm 3 with an activation energy act value of 0.9 eV [14]. Based on the experimental conditions, the impact velocity is approximately in the range of 2-3 m/s and the impact force is estimated in the range of 20-50 nN assuming the angle of impact to be normal.…”

Section: Experimental Verificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Earlier studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging have shown that tool wear in the VANILA process is comparatively lower than that in other nanomachining processes such as nanoscratching and nanoindentation involving direct tool contact with the workpiece (Figure 3) [2]. The accuracy and precision of any tip-based nanomachining process is limited by the tip's sharpness, material, and geometry [3]. The level of precision of the nanomachined features continuously degrades during the machining process as the probe tip inevitably wears resulting in an increase of contact diameter and forces acting on it [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The accuracy and precision of any tip-based nanomachining process is limited by the tip's sharpness, material, and geometry [3]. The level of precision of the nanomachined features continuously degrades during the machining process as the probe tip inevitably wears resulting in an increase of contact diameter and forces acting on it [3]. Establishing the point at which the tool is considered worn is important, since, after this point, machining results are no longer acceptable [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Modeling of Tool Wear in Vibration Assisted Nano Impact-Machining by Loose Abrasives

James

Sundaram

2014

International Journal of Manufacturing Engineering

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Vibration assisted nano impact-machining by loose abrasives (VANILA) is a novel nanomachining process that combines the principles of vibration assisted abrasive machining and tip-based nanomachining, to perform target specific nanoabrasive machining of hard and brittle materials. An atomic force microscope (AFM) is used as a platform in this process wherein nanoabrasives, injected in slurry between the workpiece and the vibrating AFM probe which is the tool, impact the workpiece and cause nanoscale material removal. The VANILA process are conducted such that the tool tip does not directly contact the workpiece. The level of precision and quality of the machined features in a nanomachining process is contingent on the tool wear which is inevitable. Initial experimental studies have demonstrated reduced tool wear in the VANILA process as compared to indentation process in which the tool directly contacts the workpiece surface. In this study, the tool wear rate during the VANILA process is analytically modeled considering impacts of abrasive grains on the tool tip surface. Experiments are conducted using several tools in order to validate the predictions of the theoretical model. It is seen that the model is capable of accurately predicting the tool wear rate within 10% deviation.

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An energy-based model to predict wear in nanocrystalline diamond atomic force microscopy tips

Cited by 33 publications

References 50 publications

Boron-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond synthesized with an H-rich/Ar-lean gas system

Boron-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond synthesized with an H-rich/Ar-lean gas system

On the debris-level origins of adhesive wear

Modeling of Tool Wear in Vibration Assisted Nano Impact-Machining by Loose Abrasives

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