CT technology can clearly and intuitively display the internal structure, composition, material, and defect status of the detected object under the condition of no damage to the detected object. This paper is based on the filtering back projection and the Internet of Things technology to carry out the data optimization of the CT system of patients with severe pneumonia. First of all, the Internet of Things technology is used in the structural design and operation process of the CT system for patients with severe pneumonia, which improves the advancement and convenience of the original system. Secondly, the system data is optimized through the filtering back projection algorithm, which improves the data accuracy and transmission efficiency. Finally, simulation tests have verified the effectiveness of the established CT system data optimization method for patients with severe pneumonia, which is helpful for medical comparison, analysis, and diagnosis.