An Energy Proficient Load Balancing Routing Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks to Maximize Their Lifespan in an Operational Environment

Adil, Muhammad; Khan, Rahim; Ali, Jehad; Roh, Byeong‐hee; Ta, Qui Thanh Hoai; Almaiah, Mohammed Amin

doi:10.1109/access.2020.3020310

Cited by 78 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…e hard threshold broadcasted by the CH to the respective cluster members is the attribute value above which the node is permitted to transmit the data to the CH. Once two-thirds of the nodes are dead and the residual energy of the remaining nodes is insufficient for clustering, the nodes use the greedy approach to form a chain-like multihop routing until the BS is reached [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42].…”

Section: Operation Of the Optimal-cbr Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Efficient Routing Approach to Maximize the Lifetime of IoT-Based Wireless Sensor Networks in 5G and Beyond

Jothikumar

Ramana²,

Chakravarthy

et al. 2021

Mobile Information Systems

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The Internet of Things grew rapidly, and many services, applications, sensor-embedded electronic devices, and related protocols were created and are still being developed. The Internet of Things (IoT) allows physically existing things to see, hear, think, and perform a significant task by allowing them to interact with one another and exchange valuable knowledge when making decisions and caring out their vital tasks. The fifth-generation (5G) communications require that the Internet of Things (IoT) is aided greatly by wireless sensor networks, which serve as a permanent layer for it. A wireless sensor network comprises a collection of sensor nodes to monitor and transmit data to the destination known as the sink. The sink (or base station) is the endpoint of data transmission in every round. The major concerns of IoT-based WSNs are improving the network lifetime and energy efficiency. In the proposed system, Optimal Cluster-Based Routing (Optimal-CBR), the energy efficiency, and network lifetime are improved using a hierarchical routing approach for applications on the IoT in the 5G environment and beyond. The Optimal-CBR protocol uses the k-means algorithm for clustering the nodes and the multihop approach for chain routing. The clustering phase is invoked until two-thirds of the nodes are dead and then the chaining phase is invoked for the rest of the data transmission. The nodes are clustered using the basic k-means algorithm during the cluster phase and the highest energy of the node nearest to the centroid is selected as the cluster head (CH). The CH collects the packets from its members and forwards them to the base station (BS). During the chaining phase, since two-thirds of the nodes are dead and the residual energy is insufficient for clustering, the remaining nodes perform multihop routing to create chaining until the data are transmitted to the BS. This enriches the energy efficiency and the network lifespan, as found in both the theoretical and simulation analyses.

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Section: Operation Of the Optimal-cbr Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Efficient Routing Approach to Maximize the Lifetime of IoT-Based Wireless Sensor Networks in 5G and Beyond

Jothikumar

Ramana²,

Chakravarthy

et al. 2021

Mobile Information Systems

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“…Load balancing technique is an important aspect to maximize the network lifetime of the sensors by minimizing energy consumption. According to an investigation by [62], authors use a new cluster formation scheme in the sensing field to manage the load balancing issue in the deployed area. The CH nodes in the proposed scheme are selected dynamically for a fixed interval.…”

Section: Wsn Communication Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Efficiency for Green Internet of Things (IoT) Networks: A Survey

Farhan

Hameed

Ahmed

et al. 2021

Network

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The last decade has witnessed the rise of the proliferation of Internet-enabled devices. The Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming ever more pervasive in everyday life, connecting an ever-greater array of diverse physical objects. The key vision of the IoT is to bring a massive number of smart devices together in integrated and interconnected heterogeneous networks, making the Internet even more useful. Therefore, this paper introduces a brief introduction to the history and evolution of the Internet. Then, it presents the IoT, which is followed by a list of application domains and enabling technologies. The wireless sensor network (WSN) is revealed as one of the important elements in IoT applications, and the paper describes the relationship between WSNs and the IoT. This research is concerned with developing energy-efficiency techniques for WSNs that enable the IoT. After having identified sources of energy wastage, this paper reviews the literature that discusses the most relevant methods to minimizing the energy exhaustion of IoT and WSNs. We also identify the gaps in the existing literature in terms of energy preservation measures that could be researched and it can be considered in future works. The survey gives a near-complete and up-to-date view of the IoT in the energy field. It provides a summary and recommendations of a large range of energy-efficiency methods proposed in the literature that will help and support future researchers. Please note that the manuscript is an extended version and based on the summary of the Ph.D. thesis. This paper will give to the researchers an introduction to what they need to know and understand about the networks, WSNs, and IoT applications from scratch. Thus, the fundamental purpose of this paper is to introduce research trends and recent work on the use of IoT technology and the conclusion that has been reached as a result of undertaking the Ph.D. study.

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“…This study is motivated by the discussions in [2], [4], [19], [21]- [23], [30]. In [30], it was shown that the DissR and DistrR protocols achieve short-term SLP protection and reduced network lifetime due to high energy consumption.…”

Section: A Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, it was shown that DissR incurs unbalanced energy distribution. The challenges of unbalanced energy distribution in WSNs were also highlighted in [2], [4]. Then, it was presented that when the challenge of unbalanced energy distribution is addressed, it can result in increased network lifetime and improved network reliability and feasibility.…”

Section: A Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Approaches to Realize the Reliability of Location Privacy Protocols in Monitoring Wireless Networks

Mutalemwa

Shin

2021

IEEE Access

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Wireless sensor network (WSN) technology presents significant advantages in the Internet of Things (IoT). WSNs are designed to operate in unattended, harsh, and complex environments. However, WSNs are resource-constrained. Due to the operating environment settings, there exist great challenges in the privacy and reliability of WSN communications. To achieve secure and reliable WSN communications, it is necessary to design reliable routing protocols and provide a method to evaluate the performance of the protocols. To guarantee location privacy of source nodes, numerous source location privacy (SLP) routing protocols have been presented in the literature. However, the SLP reliability of the protocols has not been evaluated. In this article, we achieve three main objectives. First, a new relay ring routing (ReRR) protocol is proposed to address some limitations of two fake packet-based SLP routing protocols. The routing algorithm of ReRR is specifically designed to provide long-term SLP protection. Second, unlike previous articles that focus solely on measuring the magnitude of the SLP protection using performance metrics such as safety period, capture ratio, attack success rate, and capture probability, this article proposes a novel approach to measure the SLP reliability of the protocols. In the third objective, we conduct a series of experiments to analyze the performance of ReRR and the fake packet-based protocols. Using the proposed approach, the SLP reliability of the protocols is evaluated. Experiment results reveal that the proposed ReRR protocol exhibits conducive performance features. It is observed that the fake packet-based routing protocols achieve strong SLP protection by integrating multiple routing techniques such as packet flooding and random distribution of fake packet traffic. However, the achieved SLP protection is short-term and less reliable. On the other hand, the proposed ReRR protocol employs an energy-efficient routing algorithm to guarantee reliability and long-term SLP protection. In addition, it is shown that the ReRR protocol guarantees improved network lifetime.

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An Energy Proficient Load Balancing Routing Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks to Maximize Their Lifespan in an Operational Environment

Cited by 78 publications

References 50 publications

An Efficient Routing Approach to Maximize the Lifetime of IoT-Based Wireless Sensor Networks in 5G and Beyond

An Efficient Routing Approach to Maximize the Lifetime of IoT-Based Wireless Sensor Networks in 5G and Beyond

Energy Efficiency for Green Internet of Things (IoT) Networks: A Survey

Novel Approaches to Realize the Reliability of Location Privacy Protocols in Monitoring Wireless Networks

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