“…These "species" can be any competing entities in a business ecosystem. For example, researchers have used the model to examine two enterprises (Wei et al, 2017); two semiconductor products (Chiang, 2012); two technological types of TV (Kreng & Wang, 2009); two TV broadcasting formats (Watanabe et al, 2003); two competing retail formats (Hung et al, 2017); two smartphone operating systems (Tseng, Liu & Wu, 2014) ; two competing stock exchange markets (Lee et al, 2005); two competing industries such as the coal versus electricity industries (Herui, Xu, and Yuqi, 2015) and the TV versus smartphone industries (Wang and Wang, 2016); or two competing social economic variables, such as: research and development investment versus gross domestic product, fixed assets investment versus consumer price index, and energy consumption versus gross domestic product (Wu, Liu, and Wang, 2012).…”