“…More importantly, the problem-solving process of our proposed artificial system is greatly simplified, where the complex biological instruments and professional biological operations [14,15,42,43] have all disappeared in our method, such as the Physarum cultivation, environmental control, experimental design, biosafety and data analysis. Now, the related artificial intelligence algorithms are listed here for a comparison to solve the traffic planning problem of Mexican highways, including the ant colony optimization (ACO) [36], artificial neural network (ANN) [37,38], particle swarm optimization (PSO) [13,39,40], genetic algorithm (GA) [39] and deep learning (DL) approach [41]. The related results are shown in Figure 7a-d, where the number of network nodes is extended from 30, 60, 90 to 120.…”